Secondary xylary features in proving truth/falsity of an alibi: examples of three important Indian commercial woods

Secondary xylary characters of wood are useful to identify a wood up to its generic or specific level and thus may prove or disprove the alibi of the retailers i.e., a wood is genuine or not. In the present study, 26 wood samples were collected from the local markets of Baruipur, Sealdah and Garia in Kolkata, West Bengal. Among them, 8 were sold as ‘Sandal wood’ (Santalum album), 4 as ‘Red Sanders’ (Pterocarpus santalinus) and 14 as ‘Sal wood’ (Shorea robusta). Results indicate that xylotomical features of most of the collected ‘sandal wood’ and ‘red sander’ samples did not match with the reference Santalum album and Pterocarpus santalinus samples whereas most of the collected ‘Sal wood’ samples from furniture shops matched with the reference samples of Shorea robusta. Present study successfully indicates that xylotomical investigations of commercial wood may establish the authenticity of wood of commerce

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Not AvailableDue to complete submergence the seedling height increased and the root activity decreased. The increment of seeding height was greater in elongating , tolerant type Hatipanjari as compared to less-elongating, tolerant type FR 13A and susceptible cultivation , Tulasi, Reduction of root activity was. however in Tulasi, followed by Hatipanjari and FR 13A . Shoot dry weight either ceased (FR 13A) or Decreased (Hatipanjari and FR 13A ) in submerged conditions. Shoot dry weight and root activity gradually increased in air-adapted plants and enhanced the possibility of survivality of both tolerant and non tolerant cultivars. under complete submergence, the elongation , tolerant cultivar did not manifest better survivality thsn the susceptible cultivar.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAssociation and relative contribution of five yield component characters were computed in eighteen safflower strains adopting multiple linear regression analysis and the estimated, multiple liner regression equation relating branching distance from ground level (Xr), number of primary branches (Xr), plant height (Xs), number of effective capitula/plant (Xn).number of seeds/capitulum (X.).Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePeanut bud necrosis disease is one of the major diseases in peanut. Interspecific pre-breeding lines were identified as resistant to bud necrosis disease. Molecular diversity analysis in 115 lines resistant to bud necrosis disease using simple sequence repeat markers revealed wide genetic diversity among lines. Out of 219 bands amplified, 205 were found polymorphic. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.5 to 0.94, with an average of 0.82. The cluster analysis and PCoA grouped 115 resistant lines and one susceptible cultivar into three major clusters sharing 58% similarity. Susceptible cultivar KRG-1 was distantly related to resistant lines NRCGCS-28 and NRCGCS-86. AMOVA predicted 96% variation within population and 4% among populations. NRCGCS-28 and NRCGCS-86 were found to be moderately resistant and KRG-1 as highly susceptible under artificially challenged inoculation conditions. The incubation period for appearance of disease symptoms were longer in NRCGCS-28 and NRCGCS-86 than KRG-1 under artificially challenged inoculation conditions. Thus, the present study reports additional sources for resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMolecular markers are useful tools for assaying genetic variation and provide an efficient means for early and reliable selection of genotypes having resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) in peanut breeding programs. Molecular diversity and association of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with resistance to PBND was detected in 21 interspecific pre-breeding lines and three cultivars of peanut differing in degree of resistance to PBND. Forty-five primer pairs yielded a total of 531 fragments, of which 337 were polymorphic, with an average of 7.5 polymorphic fragments per primer. Polymorphism ranged from 0 - 100% with an average of 60.2%. Cluster analysis (UPGMA) revealed two main clusters separated at 77% Jaccard’s similarity oefficient based on resistance to PBND. All 14 susceptible lines were grouped into a single cluster, while 11 resistant lines grouped into a separate cluster. AMOVA among 24 lines detected 43% (P < 0.001) of total variation associated with resistance to PBND. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA detected the significant association of 16 primers with resistance to PBND. Nine out of 16 primers explained more than 10% of phenotypic variation due to resistance to PBND. It appears that these loci are associated with the resistance to PBND in peanut and major QTLs with regression coefficient value (r2) ranging from 10.1% to 77.5%. Of which PM15190, PM188165 and PM201130 loci effectively differentiated most of the resistant lines from the susceptible lines.Not Availabl

Depositional Environment of Mio-Pliocene Siwalik Sedimentary Strata from the Darjeeling Himalayan Foothills, India: A Palynological Approach.

A rich and diverse palynoassemblage recovered from the Churanthi River section (26°53' 59.3" N, 88°34' 17.2" E), Darjeeling foothills Eastern Himalaya, has yielded 87 species assigned to 69 genera. The palynoassemblage is rich in angiosperm taxa (45.63%) followed by gymnosperms (0.45%), pteridophytes (18.49%) and fungal remains (23.88%). Based on their nearest living relatives, a wet evergreen to semi-evergreen forest under a humid tropical to sub-tropical environment during the Mio-Pliocene age has been suggested. A lot of angiosperms such as Palaeosantalaceaepites, Araliaceoipollenites, Malvacearampollis, Zonocostites, Neocouperipollis, Dicolpopollis, Palmidites, Palmaepollenites, isolated salt glands of mangrove plant leaves (Heliospermopsis) and Mediaverrunites type of fungal spores, along with ichnofossils like Planolites, Palaeophycus, Skolithos, Rosselia, Ophiomorpha and Teichichnus associated with rippled mudstone-siltstone suggest an environment strongly influenced by brackish water. Primary sedimentary structures in the associated strata indicate strong wave agitation common in shallow marine setting. Some high elevation components (5.14%) such as Alnipollenites, cf. Corylus (Betulaceae), Juglanspollenites, Engelhardtioipollenites (Juglandaceae), Quercoides, Cupuliferoidaepollenites, Lithocarpus, Castanopsis (Fagaceae), Abietineaepollenites (Pinaceae) represent hinterland vegetation possibly transported to the prograding deltaic coastline by the rivers. Reworked palynotaxa (Striatopodocarpites sp., Striatites sp., Faunipollenites sp., Circumstriatites sp., Crescentipollenites sp., Cuneatisporites sp., Parasaccites sp., Scheuringipollenites sp., Rhizomaspora sp., Marsupipollenites sp., Lophotriletes sp.) of Permian age have also been recorded in the palynoassemblage (11.55%) indicating the abundance of Permian Gondwana strata in the source area

Depositional Environment of Mio-Pliocene Siwalik Sedimentary Strata from the Darjeeling Himalayan Foothills, India: A Palynological Approach - Fig 7

<p>Photomicrographs of fungal spores recovered from the Siwalik succession:A, B, F. <i>Hypoxylonites</i> sp.C, G. <i>Inapertisporites elongates</i>. D, J, K, L, O, T. <i>Inapertisporites</i> sp.E. <i>Inapertisporites ovalis</i>.H. <i>Inapertisporites solidus</i>. I. <i>Inapertisporites kedvesii</i>.M, N. <i>Inapertisporites nodulus</i>.P. <i>Monoporisporites</i> sp. Q, W, X. <i>Pluricellaesporites</i> sp. R. <i>Dyadosporites dyadosporus</i>.S. <i>Dyadosporites</i> sp.U. <i>Multicellaesporites ellipticus</i>. V. <i>Dyadosporites elsikii</i>. Y, Z. <i>Microsporonite</i>s sp.A1. <i>Mediaverrunites</i> sp.B1, C1. Unidentified.</p

Detailed map of the Siwalik rocks of the study area around Churanthi River, showing the bedding plane orientations and fossil locality.

<p>The detailed sedimentological log (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150168#pone.0150168.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2A</a>) was measured along the red line.</p