Regional Polymorphism Assessment of Myanmar ‘Sein Ta Lone’ Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) from Sintgaing Township Based on Microsatellite Markers

This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and relationship of Sein Ta Lone mango cultivars among 20 commercial orchards in Sintgaing Township, Mandalay region. Nine microsatellite (SSR) markers were used to detect genetic polymorphism in a range from (3 to 6) alleles with (4.33) alleles per marker in average. Six out of nine microsatellite markers gave the PIC values of greater than (0.5). Among them, SSR36 held the highest PIC values of (0.691) while MiSHRS39 and MN85 possessed the least PIC values of (0.368) and (0.387) respectively. The genetic diversity was expressed as unbiased expected heterozygosity (UHe) value with an average of (0.561). The genetic relationship was revealed by (UPGMA) dendrogram in a range of (0.69 to 1.00). Based on UPGMA cluster analysis, three main clusters were classified among three different locations. This study was intended to help cultivar characterization and conservation for proper germplasm management with the estimation of genetic variation and relationship in the existing population of Sein Ta Lone mangoes in Sintgaing Township by microsatellite markers. &nbsp

Corpus-based Data for Determining the Vocabulary Found in the ICLH Research Articles Written by Myanmar Researchers

This study explores the use of the lexical words in the academic articles written by the Myanmar scholars in the English language. The lexical words, the vocabulary, is regarded as one of the main features in academic writing. The purpose of the study is to develop a list of the most frequent vocabulary used by the Myanmar researchers in the field of language teaching and social sciences and compared it with the lists of West's (1953) General Service (GSL) and Coxhead's (2000) Academic Word Lists (AWL). The corpus approximately 170,000 running words was build using the 39 academic research articles, written by Myanmar scholars, presented at the 1st International Conference on Languages and Humanities (ICLH) which was hold at Yangon University of Foreign Languages in 2020. The lists of the frequent words found in respective levels of GSL and AWL were developed. The analysis revealed that the top 20 frequent words included 18 basic words and only two academic words. The results also show that, amongst 2000 word families of GSL, 731 word families occurred frequently in the articles with the coverage of 79% of the tokens in the corpus. For academic words, among 570, only 96 word families with the coverage of 9 % of the all tokens were found as the frequent words in the research articles. It is hoped that the construction of the lists will definitely provide the Myanmar researchers the knowledge on the use of vocabulary in academic writing of the research articles in the English language

Sociological institutionalist approach on banks’ lending behavior in Myanmar (Burma)

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyThis is an exploratory study which investigated the process by which banks' lending behaviour in Myanmar (Burma) was influenced by the institutional environment and their responses towards them. The theoretical framework used in this study was primarily drawn upon Scott's new institutional theory. Since the theory focused on the convergent perspective rather than divergent perspective, the theory of Oliver's strategic responses to these institutional pressures, coercive, normative and mimetic, was incorporated in the theoretical framework development. The main method of data collection was interviews. NVIVO was used to analyse these interviewed data. However, descriptive statistics were also used to provide a comprehensive picture of the context being studied. The findings suggest that banks' always attempted to extemalise risks to borrowers. Their responses to institutional pressures were to conform but a range of other forms of resistance were also found. However, strong forms of resistance were uncommon. I have also identified the situations in which the banks would choose either strong or weak forms of resistance to institutional pressures. Such identifications may add understanding to the specific lending strategies that are developed in different circumstances. The study also contributed to closing the gap in banking literature through conducting research in the context of Myanmar, which was previously unexplored. In addition, it suggests areas needed to be improved for financial sector development in Myanmar

What are the possible future research directions for bank’s credit risk assessment research? A systematic review

Banking prudence and efficiency to manage their risks in different business cycle and environment would help to alleviate crises and losses. Hence, the effective assessment of credit risk is an essential component of a comprehensive technique to credit risk assessment and critical to the long-run of not only banking institutions but also the economy as a whole. Therefore, it has received a great interest from scholars across finance and economics to investigate such assessments by banks in different countries using diverse theoretical underpinnings and methodologies. Hence, this paper is developed to review analytical conceptualisations of credit risks assessments that have been developed in the academic literature. By means of a systematic review, it provides a comprehensive analysis that encompasses approaches used in research papers. There has been no prior review on analytical conceptualisations in this area. Moreover, this review is done in a systematic manner, i.e. categorising journal articles into different categories such as purposes, perspectives and methodologies through a transparent and thorough process. Thus, it will be able to provide an objective review. Finally, the paper will outline the evolution of methodologies and theoretical underpinnings in credit risk management research and a landscape for possible future research direction

Banks’ lending behaviour under repressed financial regulatory environment: in the context of Myanmar

In an ideal world, banking operations should ensure that there is a match between business strategy and loan assessment behaviour (Berger and Udell, 2004). However, in reality, banks are confined within a highly institutionalised environment which shapes their lending behaviour. Banks operate between two spectra in terms of regulatory environment, with policies based either on financial repression or liberalisation. Repressive policies are more common in the banking sector than capital markets. According to McKinnon (1973), financial repression is defined by various policies whereby the state influences credit allocation in channelling financial resources to priority areas identified by the government and micromanaging banks’ lending behaviour through interest-rate caps, collateral requirements and capital controls. Financial liberalisation, on the other hand, is regarded as an efficient means of fostering competition and inviting growth impulses from abroad (Bartolini and Drazen, 1997). After a series of decisions supporting financial liberalisation which took place from the 1970s to the 1990s, this type of policy has been intensively studied by scholars. However, there is still no consensus on whether it has positive or negative impacts

Numerical Investigation of Air-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Circular Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers

A three-dimensional numerical study is performed to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop performance on the air-side of circular finned tube bundles in cross flow. New heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the air-cooled heat exchangers have been developed with the Reynolds number ranging from 5000 to 70000. The heat transfer and pressure drop results agree well with several existing experimental correlations. In addition, the influence of the geometric parameters on the heat transfer and pressure drop are studied in detail and their results discussed. The numerical flow visualization results for the boundary layer developments, horseshoe vortex system, and local velocity and temperature distributions are presented

ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG MANDALAY REGION YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS ASSOCIATION (MRYEA)

Social entrepreneurs play an essential role in societal development that is onespecies in the genius entrepreneur. Social entrepreneurs seek to develop innovativesolutions to global problems. The objectives of this study are to explore the socialentrepreneurial intentions and to examine the influencing factors on social entrepreneurialintentions. Young persons have intentions for their profession. In this study, the theory ofplanned behavior entrepreneurial model was employed in which the antecedents of socialentrepreneurial intentions could be divided into dimensions of attitude towards ehavior,subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The primary data of this study wasgathered by 80 entrepreneurs from Mandalay Region Young Entrepreneurs Association by using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive analysis, pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used in this study. And, other needed informationas the secondary data was obtained from reference books, internet websites and literaturereview from different researches. According to multiple linear regression analysis results,attitude toward entrepreneurship is most influencing factor on social entrepreneurial intention. Subjective norms are the second influencing factor on Social Entrepreneurial Intention. Perceived behavioral control is the third influencing factor on Social Entrepreneurial Intention. In this study suggests that the young entrepreneurs should significantly change their mind-set. Moreover, the Government should provide assistances by reducing the taxes, assigning non-fully-deductible tax for young social enterprise industries with appropriate recover duration. The Ministry of Commerce should support the needed assistances for the development of social enterprise culture in public. In the potential stage, social enterprise organizations should try themselves to celebrate the fair trades and campaigns in urban areas in upper and lower region of Myanmar for getting the awareness of public. Entrepreneur associations also have to try to get encourage from the respective international organizations with well preparation pla

A Study of English Language Learning Strategies Used by Pre-service Teachers in Sagaing University of Education

The purpose of the study was to investigate the English language learning strategies used by pre-service teachers in Sagaing University of Education. Participants of the study were 680 students from four learning levels. The Myanmar version of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) that was adapted from SILL developed by Oxford (1990) was used as the instrument. The results revealed that pre-service teachers used language learning strategies in learning English within the medium range. While they used metacognitive strategies at most, they used memory strategies at least. In addition, they used indirect strategies more than direct strategies. Except memory strategies and social strategies, female students significantly used language learning strategies more than male students. Pre-service teachers specialized in English Language Teaching (ELT) used cognitive, compensation and metacognitive strategies more than pre-service teachers not specialized in ELT with the high level of use. In the light of these results, EFL teachers and learners should be aware of the use of language learning strategies and use these strategies in their teaching-learning processes. Keywords: Language learning strategies, pre-service teachers, SILL DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-23-08 Publication date:August 31st 2023

Strategic Option of ICT Driven Development Trajectory in Myanmar

While Myanmar shared one of the richest lands in South Asia with affluent natural resources and qualified human resources, it has suffered long-lasting economic stagnation since 1962. However, conspicuous economic growth, after the take off-strategy 1997 (1999-2007), was highest among 10 member countries of ASEAN, China and India, and has demonstrated their potential ability to transform their constraints into a springboard for innovation. This reminds us of Information CommunicationTechnology (ICT) driven development trajectory demonstrated by the world ICT top leaders, Finland and Singapore. Both transformed their indigenous constraints into India, and has springboard for ICT advancement and prompts us a hypothetical view that such a trajectory could be a promising strategic option for Myanmar in awaking its latent competitive power. This paper presents an empirical analysis consideringICT driven developing trajectory in 146 countries. The analysis involved four major steps. Firstly, Myanmar’s possible development trajectory was estimated, based on innovation diffusion theory, by identifying its current position in the global ICT versus per capita income development trajectory. Secondly, Myanmar’s current position in the global ICT driven economic development trajectory was identified based on the theories of timing of emergence of functionality development and CHASM (deep trench compelling new ventures start-up). Thirdly, given Myanmar’s position in anticipating support from ICT advanced countries for its ICT advancement, effects of support were analyzed by decomposing the governing factors to ICT advancement. In addition, Myanmar’s institutional identity supportive to effective utilization of ICTsupport was analyzed. Fourthly, based on the foregoing analyses together with the analysis of the similarity and disparity between world ICT top leaders, Finland and Singapore, possible scenarios for Myanmar’s ICT driven development trajectories, growth-oriented or welfare and happiness seeking were compared