C60F18O the first characterised intramolecular fullerene ether

A single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the main isomer of C60F18O shows it to be an intramolecular fullerene ether rather than an epoxide, and thus the first example of an oxa-homo[60]fullerene

Shiga Toxin/Lipopolysaccharide Activates Caspase-4 and Gasdermin D to Trigger Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Upstream of the NLRP3 Inflammasome

Summary: The non-canonical caspase-4 and canonical NLRP3 inflammasomes are both activated by intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but the crosstalk between these two pathways remains unclear. Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)/LPS complex, from pathogenic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, activates caspase-4, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the NLRP3 inflammasome in human THP-1 macrophages, but not mouse macrophages that lack the Stx receptor CD77. Stx2/LPS-mediated IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis are dependent on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) downstream of the non-canonical caspase-4 inflammasome and cleaved GSDMD, which is enriched at the mitochondria. Blockade of caspase-4 activation and ROS generation as well as GSDMD deficiency significantly reduces Stx2/LPS-induced IL-1β production and pyroptosis. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a significant role in amplifying Stx2/LPS-induced GSDMD cleavage and pyroptosis, with significant reduction of these responses in NLRP3-deficient THP-1 cells. Together, these data show that Stx2/LPS complex activates the non-canonical inflammasome and mitochondrial ROS upstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome to promote cytokine maturation and pyroptosis. : Shiga toxin 2 is a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Platnich et al. show that Shiga toxin 2 and co-transported lipopolysaccharide activate caspase-4, gasdermin D, and mitochondrial ROS upstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Inflammasome activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection and disease. Keywords: Shiga toxin, inflammasome, NLRP3, caspase-4, gasdermin D, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, macrophage