Cicada (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) Type Material in the Collections of the American Museum of Natural History, California Academy of Sciences, Snow Entomological Museum, Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, and the United States National Museum

Sanborn, Allen F. (1999): Cicada (Homoptera: Cicadoidea) Type Material in the Collections of the American Museum of Natural History, California Academy of Sciences, Snow Entomological Museum, Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, and the United States National Museum. The Florida Entomologist 82 (1): 34-60, DOI: 10.2307/3495835, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/349583

TWO NEW ZAMMARA SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: CICADOMORPHA: CICADIDAE)

Sanborn, Allen F. (2004): TWO NEW ZAMMARA SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: CICADOMORPHA: CICADIDAE). Florida Entomologist 87 (3): 365-371, DOI: 10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0365:tnzsfs]2.0.co;2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0365:tnzsfs]2.0.co;

Fidicina variegata, a New Cicada Species from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)

Sanborn, Allen F. (2005): Fidicina variegata, a New Cicada Species from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 98 (2): 187-190, DOI: 10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0187:fvancs]2.0.co;2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0187:fvancs]2.0.co;

Analysis of the calling songs of Platypleura hirtipennis (Germar, 1834) and P. plumosa (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

[From the introduction]: Most male cicadas produce a calling song in order to attract conspecific females. These songs have been shown to differ in closely related species (e.g. Alexander & Moore 1962; Villet 1988, 1989; Boulard 1995; Marshall & Cooley 2000; Sanborn & Phillips 2001) and in species which share habitats (e.g. Sueur 2002). The former is an inevitable part of the divergence of recognition signals that characterizes the speciation process in animals using acoustic signals (Villet 1995), while the latter would be expected from a signal that acts as a reproductive isolating mechanism (Claridge 1985; Marshall & Cooley 2000). Calling songs are therefore of value in resolving taxonomic problems in the cicadas

Endothermy in African Platypleurine Cicadas: the influence of body size and habitat (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

The platypleurine cicadas have a wide distribution across Africa and southern Asia. We investigate endothermy as a thermoregulatory strategy in 11 South African species from five genera, with comparisons to the lone ectothermic platypleurine we found, in an attempt to ascertain any influence that habitat and/or body size have on the expression of endothermy in the platypleurine cicadas. Field measurements of body temperature (Tb) show that these animals regulate Tb through endogenous heat production. Heat production in the laboratory elevated Tb to the same range as in animals active in the field. Maximum Tb measured during calling activity when there was no access to solar radiation ranged from 13.2° to 22.3°C above ambient temperature in the five species measured. The mean Tb during activity without access to solar radiation did not differ from the mean Tb during diurnal activity. All platypleurines exhibit a unique behavior for cicadas while warming endogenously, a temperature- dependent telescoping pulsation of the abdomen that probably functions in ventilation. Platypleurines generally call from trunks and branches within the canopy and appear to rely on endothermy even when the sun is available to elevate Tb, in contrast to the facultative endothermy exhibited by New World endothermic species. The two exceptions to this generalization we found within the platypleurines are Platypleura wahlbergi and Albanycada albigera, which were the smallest species studied. The small size of P. wahlbergi appears to have altered their thermoregulatory strategy to one of facultative endothermy, whereby they use the sun when it is available to facilitate increases in Tb. Albanycada albigera is the only ectothermic platypleurine we found. The habitat and host plant association of A. albigera appear to have influenced the choice of ectothermy as a thermoregulatory strategy, as the species possesses the metabolic machinery to elevate to the Tb range observed in the endothermic species. Therefore, size and habitat appear to influence the expression of thermoregulatory strategies in African platypleurine cicadas

Thermal responses in some Eastern Cape African Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Thermal responses were measured in cicadas collected in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The thermal responses of 22 species from 5 biomes were determined. Shade-seeking temperature was the most variable and related to the various biomes. Mean shade-seeking temperature was greatest for species inhabiting the thicket biome and lowest for species inhabiting the forest biome. The animals that live in the thicket biome may adapt to the greater thermal stress to take advantage of a habitat that permits lower predation pressure. There is a correlation between body size and shade-seeking temperatures with smaller species exhibiting lower thermal responses within a particular habitat. This may be related to the greater heat exchange in smaller species. Heat torpor temperatures did not differ between the various biomes

Hot-blooded singers: endothermy facilitates crepuscular signaling in African platypleurine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Platypleura spp.)

The cicada genus Platypleura has a wide distribution across Africa and southern Asia. We describe endothermic thermoregulation in four South African species that show crepuscular signaling behavior. This is the first evidence of thermoregulation in platypleurine cicadas. Field measurements of body temperature (Tb) show that these animals regulate Tb through endogenous heat production. Maximum Tb measured was 22.1°C above ambient temperature during calling activity at dusk. The mean Tb during dusk activity did not differ from the mean Tb during diurnal activity. A unique behavior for cicadas, a temperature-dependent telescoping pulsation of the abdomen, was observed in the laboratory during endogenous warm-up. This behavior is part of a unique method of heat generation in endothermic cicadas. Males generally call from trunks and branches within the canopy and appear to use endothermy even when the sun is available to elevate Tb. Endothermy may provide the cicadas with the advantage of decreasing predation and acoustic competition by permitting calling from perches that most complement their cryptic coloration patterns and that ectotherms cannot use due to thermal constraints. In addition, endothermy may permit calling activity during crepuscular hours when atmospheric conditions are optimal for acoustic communication and predation risks are minimal

Thermal Adaptation and Diversity in Tropical Ecosystems: Evidence from Cicadas (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

The latitudinal gradient in species diversity is a central problem in ecology. Expeditions covering approximately 16°54′ of longitude and 21°4′ of latitude and eight Argentine phytogeographic regions provided thermal adaptation data for 64 species of cicadas. We test whether species diversity relates to the diversity of thermal environments within a habitat. There are general patterns of the thermal response values decreasing in cooler floristic provinces and decreasing maximum potential temperature within a habitat except in tropical forest ecosystems. Vertical stratification of the plant communities leads to stratification in species using specific layers of the habitat. There is a decrease in thermal tolerances in species from the understory communities in comparison to middle level or canopy fauna. The understory Herrera umbraphila Sanborn & Heath is the first diurnally active cicada identified as a thermoconforming species. The body temperature for activity in H. umbraphila is less than and significantly different from active body temperatures of all other studied species regardless of habitat affiliation. These data suggest that variability in thermal niches within the heterogeneous plant community of the tropical forest environments permits species diversification as species adapt their physiology to function more efficiently at temperatures different from their potential competitors

Más allá del individualismo: el tercer sector en el Perú

Analiza el surgimiento y creciente visibilidad de las organizaciones privadas sin fines de lucro (OPSFL) en el Perú durante las dos últimas décadas. Las OPSFL poseen una lógica de operación diferente a la del Estado, que busca proporcionar bienestar público; y al de la empresa, que está orientada hacia la búsqueda del lucro y el beneficio privado. Por el contrario, éstas son entidades que, a pesar de su carácter privado, se dirigen a satisfacer necesidades colectivas o de interés público. La emergencia de este tipo de organizaciones no sólo se da en nuestro país o a nivel de América Latina, por el contrario, se da a escala mundial impactando y redefiniendo significativamente las formas de relacionarse entre el Estado y la sociedad civil. Se asocian a labores de ayuda humanitaria, esparcimiento, capacitación y desarrollo ciudadano, realizadas por hospitales, centros deportivos y culturales, asilos, organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG), centros educativos y universidades, comedores populares, clubes de madres, entre muchas otras organizaciones.Analiza el surgimiento y creciente visibilidad de las organizaciones privadas sin fines de lucro (OPSFL) en el Perú durante las dos últimas décadas. Las OPSFL poseen una lógica de operación diferente a la del Estado, que busca proporcionar bienestar público; y al de la empresa, que está orientada hacia la búsqueda del lucro y el beneficio privado. Por el contrario, éstas son entidades que, a pesar de su carácter privado, se dirigen a satisfacer necesidades colectivas o de interés público. La emergencia de este tipo de organizaciones no sólo se da en nuestro país o a nivel de América Latina, por el contrario, se da a escala mundial impactando y redefiniendo significativamente las formas de relacionarse entre el Estado y la sociedad civil. Se asocian a labores de ayuda humanitaria, esparcimiento, capacitación y desarrollo ciudadano, realizadas por hospitales, centros deportivos y culturales, asilos, organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG), centros educativos y universidades, comedores populares, clubes de madres, entre muchas otras organizaciones