21 research outputs found
Using Time–Temperature Superposition for Determining Dielectric Loss in Functionalized Polyethylenes
Using Molecular Dynamics
simulations, we probe the effect of various
pendant polar groups on the dielectric loss of polyethylene copolymers.
The dielectric loss was computed using the autocorrelation function
of the total dipole moment of a completely relaxed PE–X sample.
Since this calculation is computationally expensive (wall time ≥
4200 h), we explore the use of the time–temperature superposition
(tTS) principle to make it more tractable. An important point is that
short time MD simulations do not allow the dipole autocorrelation
function to decay completely to zero. However, we find that the tTS
method performed well in determining dielectric losses in the system
as long as these unrelaxed components are not included in the calculation.
This methodology, which provides us with a significantly faster and
reliable pathway for calculation of dielectric loss, allows us to
identify the role of polar side groups on the behavior of nonpolar
polymeric dielectrics
Molecular Simulations of Solute Transport in Polymer Melts
Polymer
membranes are typically used to separate gas mixtures on
the basis of molecular size differences (“sieving”).
The gas purity is known to be inversely proportional to the membrane
flux, and the slope of this plot in glassy polymers is empirically
found to be determined by the sizes of the gas molecules being separated,
λ = (<i>d</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>/<i>d</i><sub><i>A</i></sub>)<sup>2</sup> – 1.
Despite potential mechanistic differences, the separation performance
of rubbery polymers is often discussed in the same framework as their
glassy counterparts. Here we perform molecular dynamics simulations
of spherical solutes in coarse-grained high-density, high temperature
polymer melts to gain a molecular understanding of their transport
and separation behavior. We find that the diffusion coefficient follows
an exponential law <i>D</i> ∼ <i>e</i><sup>–<i>ad</i></sup>. Since this dependence results
in λ = <i>d</i><sub><i>B</i></sub>/<i>d</i><sub><i>A</i></sub> – 1, these findings
do not provide a direct understanding of the experimentally deduced
slope of the Robeson plot
Role of Casting Solvent on Nanoparticle Dispersion in Polymer Nanocomposites
We investigate the influence of casting
solvent on the final spatial
dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs) in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs).
We prepared nanocomposites of bare silica NPs and poly(2-vinylpyridine)
(P2VP) by casting from two different solventsmethyl ethyl
ketone (MEK) and pyridinewhich are theta/good solvents, respectively,
for both the polymer and the NPs. In MEK, we show that P2VP strongly
adsorbs onto the silica surface to create a temporally stable bound
polymer layer. The resulting “hairy” particles are sterically
stabilized against agglomeration, and thus good NP dispersion in PNCs
is always achieved, independent of P2VP molecular weight, concentration,
or NP loading. On the contrary, in pyridine, P2VP does not adsorb
on the silica NPs. The phase behavior in this case is thus governed
by a subtle balance among electrostatic repulsion, polymer-induced
depletion attraction, and the kinetic slowdown of diffusion-limited
NP aggregation. While there is little remnant solvent in the dry PNC,
and since these dispersion states are hardly altered on annealing,
these results serve to emphasize the crucial role played by the casting
solvent in the spatial dispersion state of NPs in a polymer matrix
Controlling the Thermomechanical Behavior of Nanoparticle/Polymer Films
We show that the mesoscale (∼200 nm) thermomechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites formed from silica nanoparticles (NPs) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) critically depend on their interfacial structure, which can be controlled by the casting solvent. The composite films are solvent cast from either pyridine (PYR) or methylethylketone (MEK), with uniform NP spatial distribution obtained in both cases. In the films cast from MEK, our previous work has shown that a bound layer of P2VP is formed at the NP surfaces, while no such bound layer is formed when PYR is used as the casting solvent. In PYR as-cast films, Brillouin light scattering reveals a single acoustic phonon with its longitudinal sound velocity increasing with NP loading. This implies a homogeneous mixture of the NP and the polymer on the mesoscopic scales for all compositions examined. However, in the MEK as-cast films, two longitudinal and two transverse acoustic phonons are observed at NP loadings above ∼20 wt % (or ∼11 vol %), reminiscent of two metastable microscopic phases. The dense microphase is attributed to the bridging of NPs by P2VP chains, whereas for the softer medium, we conjecture that there exists an interfacial lower density P2VP layer whose longitudinal sound velocity barely changes with NP loading. These solvent-induced differences in the (elastic) mechanical behavior disappear upon thermal annealing, suggesting that these nanocomposite interfacial structures in the as-cast state (far from equilibrium) locally approach equilibrium (<i>i.e.</i>, near equilibrium after annealing). Consistent with these conclusions, the abrupt decrease of the longitudinal sound velocity with temperature occurs at a single glass transition temperature for the annealed nanocomposites irrespective of the casting solvent used, which assumes only a slightly higher (∼5 K at 45 wt % or ∼29 vol %) value than that in bulk P2VP. The results emphasize the important role of solvent in determining the interfacial structure of nanocomposites, which can be used to tailor their thermomechanical behavior
Reducing Strain and Fracture of Electrophoretically Deposited CdSe Nanocrystal Films. II. Postdeposition Infusion of Monomers
Thick electrophoretically deposited (EPD) films of ligand-capped
colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) typically crack when removed from the
deposition solvent due to the loss of residual solvent. We report
the suppression of fracture in several micrometers thick EPD films
of CdSe NCs by treating the wet, as-deposited films with solutions
of polymer precursor monomers, followed by UV-initiated polymerization.
The monomers diffuse into voids and, for several monomers, dissolve
the NCs to form a uniform dispersion in the film
Reducing Strain and Fracture of Electrophoretically Deposited CdSe Nanocrystal Films. I. Postdeposition Infusion of Capping Ligands
Thick electrophoretically deposited (EPD) films of ligand-capped
colloidal nanocrystals that adhere to the substrate typically crack
after they are removed from the deposition solvent due to the loss
of residual solvent. We report the suppression of fracture in several
micrometers thick EPD films of CdSe nanocrystals by treating the wet,
as-deposited films with solutions containing the NC core-capping ligand,
trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). The increase in TOPO ligand density
increases photoluminescence of the dried film and leads to a decrease
in elastic modulus
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Directionally Interacting Spheres and Rods Form Ordered Phases
The
structures formed by mixtures of dissimilarly shaped nanoscale
objects can significantly enhance our ability to produce nanoscale
architectures. However, understanding their formation is a complex
problem due to the interplay of geometric effects (entropy) and energetic
interactions at the nanoscale. Spheres and rods are perhaps the most
basic geometrical shapes and serve as convenient models of such dissimilar
objects. The ordered phases formed by each of these individual shapes
have already been explored, however, when mixed, spheres and rods
have demonstrated only limited structural organization to date. Here,
we show using experiments and theory that the introduction of directional
attractions between rod ends and isotropically interacting spherical
nanoparticles (NPs) through DNA base pairing leads to the formation
of ordered three-dimensional lattices. The spheres and rods arrange
themselves in a complex alternating manner, where the spheres can
form either a face-centered cubic (FCC) or hexagonal close-packed
(HCP) lattice, or a disordered phase, as observed by <i>in situ</i> X-ray scattering. Increasing NP diameter at fixed rod length yields
an initial transition from a disordered phase to the HCP crystal,
energetically stabilized by rod-rod attraction across alternating
crystal layers, as revealed by theory. In the limit of large NPs,
the FCC structure is instead stabilized over the HCP by rod entropy.
We, therefore, propose that directionally specific attractions in
mixtures of anisotropic and isotropic objects offer insight into unexplored
self-assembly behavior of noncomplementary shaped particles
Impact of the Distributions of Core Size and Grafting Density on the Self-Assembly of Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles
It
is now well-accepted that hydrophilic nanoparticles (NPs) lightly
grafted with polymer chains self-assemble into a variety of superstructures
when placed in a hydrophobic homopolymer matrix or in a small molecule
solvent. Currently, it is thought that a given NP sample should only
assemble into one kind of superstructure depending on the relative
balance between favorable NP core–core attractions and steric
repulsion between grafted polymer chains. Surprisingly, we find that
each sample shows the simultaneous formation of a variety of NP-assemblies,
e.g., well-dispersed particles, strings, and aggregates. We show through
the generalization of a simple geometric model that accounting for
the distributions of the NP core size and the number of grafted chains
on each NP (which is especially important at low coverages) allows
us to quantitatively model the aggregate shape distribution. We conclude
that, in contrast to molecular surfactants with well-defined chemistries,
the self-assembly of these NP analogues is dominated by such fluctuation
effects
Role of Filler Shape and Connectivity on the Viscoelastic Behavior in Polymer Nanocomposites
We compare the rheological behavior
of three classes of polymer
nanocomposites (PNCs) to understand the role of particle shape and
interactions on mechanical reinforcement. The first two correspond
to favorably interacting composites formed by mixing poly(2-vinylpyridine)
with either fumed silica nanoparticles (NPs) or colloidal spherical
silica NPs. We show that fumed silica NPs readily form a percolated
network at low NP volume fractions. We deduce that the NPs act as
network junctions with the effectively irreversibly bound polymer
chains serving as the connecting bridges. By comparing with colloidal
spherical silica, which has a significantly higher percolation threshold,
we conclude that the fractal shape of the fumed silica is responsible
for its unusually low percolation threshold. The third system corresponds
to polystyrene grafted colloidal silica nanoparticles (PGNPs) in a
polystyrene matrix. These PNCs have an even lower percolation threshold
probably because the grafted chains increase the effective volume
fraction of the NPs. When we take these different thickness of the
polymer layers in the two cases into account (i.e., grafted layer
vs adsorbed layer thickness), the percolation threshold for the fumed
and the grafted system occurs at similar effective loadings, but the
NP network with fumed silica has a higher low-frequency plateau modulus
than that formed with the PGNPs. These findings can be reconciled
by the fact that the fumed silica NPs are composed of fused entities,
thus ensuring that they have a higher modulus than the PGNPs where
the modulus is largely attributed to interactions between the grafts.
Our results systematically stress the important role of the nanofiller
shape and connectivity on the mechanical reinforcement of PNCs
Melt State Reinforcement of Polyisoprene by Silica Nanoparticles Grafted with Polyisoprene
We
systematically vary the nanoparticle (NP) dispersion state in
composites formed by mixing polyisoprene homopolymers with polyisoprene
grafted silica particles, and demonstrate how creep measurements allow
us to overcome the limitations of small amplitude oscillatory shear
(SAOS) experiments. This allows us to access nearly 13 orders in time
in the mechanical response of the resulting composites. We find that
a specific NP morphology, a percolating particle network achieved
at intermediate graft densities, significantly reinforces the system
and has a lower NP percolation loading threshold relative to other
morphologies. These important effects of morphology only become apparent
when we combine creep measurements with SAOS re-emphasizing the role
of synergistically combining methods to access the mechanical properties
of polymer nanocomposites over broad frequency ranges