Producing Ceramic Water Purifiers Made Of Iraqi Bentonite Type (Bpl1)

In this study, ceramic purifier (CP) was produced from a mixture of Iraqi raw materials. This ceramic mixture was prepared using Bentonite as a Clay, Porcelanite as a Silica, and Limestone as a flux. The produced ceramic filter was formed by semi-dry compressing method and was fired at 1200 C?. Physical properties of the produced CP were measured. A hydraulic test rig was constructed to study the hydraulic conductivity of the produced CP. The average hydraulic conductivity of the produced CP was 55 times that of commercial types of ceramic filters. The mineral composition of the produced ceramics was found by X-Ray tests. Tests results showed that all of the produced ceramics filters composed mainly of low Cristobalte and Tridoymite in addition to some of other minerals. Both of the raw and the water purified by produced ceramic were tested for a number of water quality parameters. that the ceramic disc purifier could remove, as an average percentages of removal, 99.98% of turbidity, 78.86% of the electrical conductivity , 81.61% of the total dissolved solids, 73.45% of Ca++, 49.69% of Na+, 55.63% of NO3-, 37.54% of HCO3- . The results showed that CP has excellent adsorption ability for solutes of seven heavy metals, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu and Zn, at concentrations of 1 mg/leach and 10 mg/l each. The adsorption capacities of each filter to adsorb seven heavy metals were computed according to Langmuir model and Freundlich models. The results showed variety in adsorption capacities for each heavy metal

The Influence of Regional Groundwater Flow and a Neighbouring River on the Behaviour of an Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System

One promising solution for mitigating CO2 emissions in arid regions is to use Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems in cooling and heating systems. However, ATES systems need to be subjected to geohydrological investigations before their installation to ensure high performance. Two geohydrological properties are considered: regional groundwater flow and the influence of neighbouring rivers. This study considers a hypothetical ATES system within the city of Hilla, Iraq. MODFLOW 6.1 software was used to simulate the influence of the two properties. The simulation tested two locations situated at 75 m and 300 m from the river. Each location was explored using three flow rates: 10 m3/d, 50 m3/d, and 100 m3/d. The results indicate that the temperature change in the warm and cold wells increases proportionally with time of operation and rate of flow. For example, the temperature of the middle layer (for 10 m3/d operation) changes from 29 °C (after one year) to 34 °C (after twenty years operation), while it changes from 34 °C (one year) to 35 °C (twenty years) under 100 m3/d operation. Another result is that the available regional groundwater flow has a negligible influence on the storage system, while the neighbouring river has a high influence on the stored energy when the distance between them is 75 m or less. The paper recommends the installation of ATES systems at least 300 m from the bank of a river