Assessing the Impact of Eucalyptus Plantation on Groundwater Availability in Pakistan

Eucalyptus tree was first planted in Pakistan in the 1980s under the project of Pakistan Forest Institute sponsored by United States Agency for International Development. It is not native to Pakistan's environment, so it has become a threat to the ecosystem. A mature Eucalyptus tree shape is like a shrub or tall tree. It is centered by the number of controversies like allelopathy, loss of soil fertility, the substitution of conventional forests and causing various hydro-ecological imbalances of an ecosystem. Eucalyptus tree consumes three times more water in arid and semi-arid environments, because of vapor pressure deficit. About 80% of Pakistan's area is present in the semi-arid and arid climate. Pakistan is facing a serious water shortage and rapid groundwater level depletion in many parts of the country. It is believed that species of Eucalyptus tree are extracting more groundwater than water recharge. Therefore, the present study is conducted to identify the adverse impacts of Eucalyptus plantation on the groundwater level of Lahore. Six parks in Lahore were selected as study sites, i.e., Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, Bagh-e-Jinnah, Jillani Park, Nawaz Sharif Park, Jallo Park, and Johar Town Park. A total of 3,484 Eucalyptus trees were identified with different age groups. These trees belong to the species of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus sideroxylone. The study reveals that since 1990, the groundwater level has significantly reduced in study sites. It is recommended that Eucalyptus trees may be replaced with other indigenous species so that the rate of groundwater depletion can be slowed down

Financial development, fiscal policy and economic growth: The role of institutional quality in Pakistan

The study examines the influence of financial development, fiscal policy , and institutional quality on Pakistan’s economic growth. We investigate whether financial development and or fiscal policies promote economic growth. We also analyse the effect of institutional quality on economic growth in Pakistan. We use time series data from 1985 - 2016 , and use GDP to proxy economic growth. We use unit - root tests to check for stationary of our sample. We perform a logarithmic transformation on the series to reduce outlier effects and use Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model . The results show that financial development and revenue have a positive impact on growth. Our study results implicate that sound, strategic, and result - oriented policies should be formulated to transform our institutions and financial sectors into the well organized, powerful, and trusted frameworks. These transformations will ensure efficient and productive utilization of savings

Biopsychosocial factors associated with pain and pain-related outcomes in adults and children with sickle cell disease: A multivariable analysis of the GRNDaD multicenter registry

Pain is the primary symptomatic manifestation of sickle cell disease (SCD), an inherited hemoglobinopathy. The characteristics that influence pain experiences and outcomes in SCD are not fully understood. The primary objective of this study was to use multivariable modeling to examine associations of biopsychosocial variables with a disease-specific measure of pain interference known as pain impact. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Global Research Network for Data and Discovery national SCD registry. A total of 657 children and adults with SCD were included in the analysis. This sample was 60% female with a median age of 34 (interquartile range 26-42 years) and a chronic pain prevalence of 64%. The model accounted for 58% of the variance in pain impact. Low social (P \u3c .001) and emotional (P \u3c .001) functioning, increasing age (P = .004), low income (P \u3c .001), and high acute painful episodes (P = .007) were most strongly associated with high pain impact in our multivariable model. Additionally, multivariable modeling of pain severity and physical function in 2 comparable samples of registry participants revealed that increasing age and low social functioning were also strongly associated with higher pain severity and low physical functioning. Overall, the results suggest that social and emotional functioning are more strongly associated with pain impact in individuals with SCD than previously studied biological modifiers such as SCD genotype, hemoglobin, and percentage fetal hemoglobin. Future research using longitudinally collected data is needed to confirm these findings. PERSPECTIVE: This study reveals that psychosocial (ie, social and emotional functioning) and demographic (ie, age) variables may play an important role in predicting pain and pain-related outcomes in SCD. Our findings can inform future multicenter prospective longitudinal studies aimed at identifying modifiable psychosocial predictors of adverse pain outcomes in SCD

Exploring the Socio-Economic Causes of Child Labour in Automobile Workshops in District Multan Punjab

Child labor is deeply rooted and extremely extensive in Pakistan. The problem of Child Labour in District Multan is quite high and abnormal. Various studies have shown that a large number of children in different age group has been employed in various shops, like Cycle repair workshop, Cars workshop, Motorbike workshop, Trucks workshop, mechanical and electrical workshop. Rickshaw workshop and other places. This study explores the socioeconomic determinants of child labour in automobile workshops. The key variables in the present study were child labour and poverty. The researcher used quantitative method for survey research. The current research was conducted in District Multan, Punjab. Therefore, child labourers were selected in the sampling frame equally. Snowball sampling technique was adopted. A total of 80 respondents were selected from different automobile workshops. The majority of the children were poor and they had no education or little education. Their parents had little education and were poorly paid jobs, unemployed or deceased. In this paper, the causes of child labour have been identified and measures to reduce this curse have been suggested

Study the Effects of Antecedents of Employee Satisfaction in Banking Sector of Pakistan

The aim of this research is to analyze employee satisfaction level in the private banking sector of Pakistan. The job satisfaction has got remarkable attention in business research. It researches the major factors of worker satisfaction in Pakistan’s banking industry. Research study finds that there is a positive and significant link between employee satisfaction and in human recourse management (HRM) practices like team workplace, job independence, and actions of authority. Data is collected from the 180 top and middle level employees from top five banks of the industry in Islamabad, Pakistan. Data is collected with the questionnaire and interviews from the aforesaid entities. Results show that the employee satisfaction is the favorableness or un-favorableness with which workers view their performance. The individual's satisfaction and storage are crucial to the performance of company in the competitive industry and organization atmosphere today, and the banking sector enjoys no exemption to it. The commercial banking sectors have launched on different control techniques as alternative to market workers job satisfaction and thus worker storage. The paper mentioned factors that are point of high issue to workers regarding their satisfaction. The result of research shows that most of the workers working in private banking industry are pleased with their performance, control features and job roles

2-(3,4-Dimethyl-5,5-dioxo-2H,4H-pyrazolo­[4,3-c][1,2]benzothia­zin-2-yl)acetic acid

In the title mol­ecule, C13H13N3O4S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation in which the S and an adjacent C atom are displaced by 0.919 (3) and 0.300 (4) Å, respectively, on the same side of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The mean planes of the benzene and pyrazole rings are inclined at a dihedral angle of 18.32 (12)° with respect to each other. The acetate group is oriented at 80.75 (8)° with respect to the pyrazole ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in fused eight- and seven-membered rings with R 2 2(8) and R 2 2(7) graph-set motifs, respectively

Role of Dalak (Massage) in management of Depression: A Review

BismllahirRehman Nirraheem, Nahmaduhu wa Nusallihi Ala Rasoolihil Kareem. Health is an essential component of life and it is necessary to live happy life.  Health and diseases not only affect individual but also affects society. There are number of factors which are responsible for health and disease. According to Unani System of Medicine Asbab-e-Sittah Zarooriyah and Ghair Zarooriyah are important factors amongst them. Balance in these factors produces tabai khilt (normal humorous) such as Tabai balgham (normal phelghm), tabai safra (normal yellow bile), tabai sauda (normal black bile) etc, these tabai khilt produces good health and any disturbance in it leads to ill health/disease, because disturbances in componants of asbab-e-sittah zarooriyah leads to increase in abnormal khilt such as ghair tabai souda (abnormal black bile), ghair tabai balgham (abnormal phlegm), ghair tabai safra (abnormal yellow bile) etc. Harkat-wa-Sukoon Nafsani is a component of asbab-e-sittah zarooriyah, disturbance in it leads to ghair tabai sauoda, which is responsible for psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression etc. There are number of regimens such as Ilaj-bil Ghiza, Ilaj-bil-Tadabeer, Ilal-bil-Dawa and Ilj-bil-Yad, used to maintain health, for prevention and to control the diseases . One of the best example is dalak(massage) which is a component of Ilaj-bil-Tadabeer and play a very important role in management of depression. Some studies also proven its efficacy in the management of depression and many other diseases. Time, season, age, locality etc. play very important in it. Keywords: depression, Dalak, Asbab-e-Sittah Zarooriyah, ghair tabai souda, khilt,&nbsp

Efficacy of Riyazat (Exercise) in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic ailment categorized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both. It is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired factors. Obesity and sedentary life style are one of the most causative factors of diabetes mellitus or type 2 dm aka (non-insulin dependent diabetes). Unani system of Medicine which is one of the main parts of TCAM (traditional complementary and alternative system of medicine) have a holistic approach for every disease. Ancient Unani scholars have advised a six-essential theory for the wellbeing of human being i.e. Asbab-e-Sitta Zarroriyah which include very good approach for the management of NCDs. Diabetes mellitus is one of NCDs which have increasing drastically from last 2 decades. Among Asbab-e-Sitta Zarroriyah, Harkat-wa-sukoon-e-badni will play a major roll in the management of NCDs. Among all, Riyazat (exercise) is the actual basic and useful way for preservation of health.  Physical activity includes all movement that increases consumption of energy, whereas exercise is planned, structured physical activity. Exercise increase uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle so, improves blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and improves well-being. Unani physicians in 2nd and 3rd AD century have paved great attention towards this important task in ratiocinative way. Unani physicians provided perceptions about timing, modes, and benefits of Riyazat.  Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks and Mesopotamians all the ancient has tried to suggest the best ways for the human achievements of well beingness from very beginning, human is very curious about health and its prevention.  In this review paper, it will be tried to provide the benefitting knowledge to the humanity about exercise which improves blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients to save the health and promote the life. Keywords: Riyazat; Greek physicians; Unani; Humor; Mizaj, Exercis

Assessment of knowledge, preventive behaviours and risk perception related to Covid-19 among medical students of Rawalpindi

Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the knowledge, preventive behaviours and perception of risk related to Covid-19 among the medical students who are the front line workers and are more susceptible to be infected. Methodology: This analytical cross sectional study was conducted in medical students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd year MBBS of various medical institutions of Rawalpindi. Study duration was 5 months (March 2020 to July 2020). The sample size was 425. Age ranging from 18 to 21 and 273 (64.2%) comprised of females. The inclusion criteria were those students who gave consent and filled out the questionnaire and the exclusion criteria was who didn't concede. The data was analysed on SPSS. Confidence interval was set to be 95% with 5% margin of error. Results: Most of the students were aware of the basic Covid-19 related knowledge like common symptoms, incubation period, transmission and the basic preventive measures which was on average higher than the previous studies conducted on medical students and on health care workers. Students were also having high level of performance in preventive behaviours in perspective of Covid-19 but risk perception is of moderate level. Conclusion: Participants were found to have high levels of knowledge related to Covid-19 except use of N95 masks and use of anti-viral drugs for treatment. Among self-reported preventive behaviours section, lowest score is related to frequency of cleaning and disinfecting items that can be easily touched with hands (i.e. door handles and surfaces). Participants had moderate risk perception despite having high levels of knowledge and high performance in self-reported behaviours. Keywords: Covid-19, medical students, risk perceptio