1,464 research outputs found
A model for the onset of transport in systems with distributed thresholds for conduction
We present a model supported by simulation to explain the effect of
temperature on the conduction threshold in disordered systems. Arrays with
randomly distributed local thresholds for conduction occur in systems ranging
from superconductors to metal nanocrystal arrays. Thermal fluctuations provide
the energy to overcome some of the local thresholds, effectively erasing them
as far as the global conduction threshold for the array is concerned. We
augment this thermal energy reasoning with percolation theory to predict the
temperature at which the global threshold reaches zero. We also study the
effect of capacitive nearest-neighbor interactions on the effective charging
energy. Finally, we present results from Monte Carlo simulations that find the
lowest-cost path across an array as a function of temperature. The main result
of the paper is the linear decrease of conduction threshold with increasing
temperature: , where is an
effective charging energy that depends on the particle radius and interparticle
distance, and is the percolation threshold of the underlying lattice. The
predictions of this theory compare well to experiments in one- and
two-dimensional systems.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, submitted to PR
Comparação entre métodos para determinação de carbono orgânico em amostras de solo mensuradas por volume ou massa.
Potência, perfil sensorial e aceitação de um sal hipossódico formulado com cloreto de potássio.
Efeito da aplicação de cálcio na concentração de macronutrientes em plantas jovens de seringueira (Hevea spp).
Uso de Hipotermia Induzida no Colapso Súbito Pós-Natal: um Estudo Retrospetivo
Introduction: Sudden and unexpected postnatal collapse is a rare event with potentially dramatic consequences. Intervention approaches are limited, but hypothermia has been considered after postnatal collapse. The aim of this study was to analyse sudden and unexpected postnatal collapse cases that underwent therapeutic hypothermia in the five Portuguese hypothermia centres.
Material and methods: In this multicentre, retrospective and descriptive study, clinical, ultrasonography, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography and brain magnetic resonance findings of newborns with postnatal collapse that underwent therapeutic hypothermia are reported (2010 - 2018). Statistical analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.
Results: Twenty-two cases of sudden and unexpected postnatal collapse were referred for therapeutic hypothermia (82% outborn), all ≥ 36 weeks, with Apgar 5´ ≥ 8. Collapse occurred during the first two hours in 73% (all < 24 hours), 50% during skin-to-skin care, 55% related to feeding and 23% during co-bedding. Moderate-severe encephalopathy and severe acidosis were observed (median: Thompson score 16, pH 6.90, base deficit 22 mmol/L). Amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram was abnormal in 95% and magnetic resonance imaging showed severe brain injury in 46%. The mortality rate was 50%. A possible cause was identified in 27%.
Discussion: The incidence rate of 2.7 sudden cases of postnatal collapse per 100 000 births, is possibly under-estimated. All infants suffered the collapse in the first day, mostly within the first two hours, as reported before. Possible causes were identified in less than a third of cases, but multiple predisposing conditions were identified, suggesting that prevention may be possible. Newborn positioning and skin-to-skin care have been the most discussed practices. A significant proportion of infants had poor outcomes. Lower Thompson score, electroencephalogram amplitude normalization and normal magnetic resonance imaging seemed to indicate better outcomes. Although conclusive trials on therapeutic hypothermia after postnatal collapse are not available, its use has been considered individually. No severe adverse effects directly related to hypothermia were registered in this study, but the results do not allow drawing meaningful conclusions.
Conclusion: In our national sample of 22 infants who suffered sudden and unexpected postnatal collapse and underwent therapeutic hypothermia, a significant proportion had poor outcomes. Absolute conclusions from our experience with hypothermia in postnatal collapse cannot be drawn, but systematic reporting of cases and long-term clinical evaluation would facilitate understanding of the real benefits of hypothermia. As this procedure has not been validated with clinical trials for this indication, its use should be considered on a case-by-case approach. The potentially avoidable nature of unexpected postnatal collapse is evident from its association with certain behaviours and risk factors. Surveillance practices during the first hours should be implemented, whilst the benefits of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin care should continue to be widely promoted.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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