Association between dietary insulin index and load with cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of metabolic syndrome among the patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background This study aims to investigate the association between dietary insulin index (DII) and load (DIL) with cardiometabolic risk factors and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 T2DM patients. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and DII and DIL were calculated based on insulin response and energy content. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS. Results Participants in the highest quartile of DIL had significantly higher odds of MetS (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.02–4.25, P = 0.039) and hyperglycemia (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.08–4.96, P = 0.032). We also discovered that patients in the highest quartile of DII had higher odds of MetS (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.08–4.96, P = 0.034) and hyperglycemia (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.04–4.12, P = 0.019). Furthermore, participants in the highest quartile of DIL (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.00-2.59, P = 0.03) and DII (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.05–1.95, P = 0.026) had higher odds of high waist circumference. When it came to hypertriglyceridemia, we found a significant association between DII and DIL only in the crude model, not the fully adjusted model. However, we didn’t observe any significant association between DII and DIL with hypercholesteremia, Low HDL, and high blood pressure (P > 0.05). Conclusion Our study provides evidence suggesting that a higher DII and DIL may be associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic risk factors and MetS in patients with T2DM

The effect of spirulina on type 2 diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of spirulina on lipid profiles and glycemic related markers in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to August 2020. All clinical trials which investigated the effect of spirulina supplementation on glycemic related markers and lipid profile among type 2 diabetes patients were included. Random effects modeling was utilized for pooling analysis to compensate for the between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS: Eight studies (9 arms) were included in the meta-analysis. We found a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (−17.88 mg/dl; 95% CI: −26.99, −8.78; I(2): 25%), triglyceride (−30.99 mg/dl; 95% CI: −45.20, −16.77; I(2): 50%), total-cholesterol (−18.47 mg/dl; 95% CI: −33.54, −3.39; I(2): 73%), LDL-C (−20.04 mg/dl; 95% CI: −34.06, −6.02; I(2): 75%), VLDL (−6.96 mg/dl; 95% CI: −9.71, −4.22; I(2): 33%), in addition to a significant increase in HDL-C (−6.96 mg/dl; 95% CI: −9.71, −4.22; I(2): 33%), after spirulina administration. No significant effect was observed on HbA1C or post prandial blood sugar following spirulina consumption. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that spirulina supplementation can elicit beneficial effects on fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profiles. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00760-z