Utilization of whey protein isolate as CO2 foam stabilizer for enhanced oil recovery

Understanding the fundamental aspects of foaming properties will influence its generation and stabilization at different concentrations of the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), foam volume stability, foam height, salinity influences, and crude oil CO2-foam stability. Carbon-Dioxide based enhanced oil recovery techniques are widely employed to extract additional oil from the reservoir. The adsorption of protein at the interfaces produces extremely viscoelastic layers with high viscosity. This research aims to investigate whether whey protein isolate (WPI) is a foaming agent that can be used to improve oil recovery. WPI lowers the interfaces’ surface tension, which also has a propensity to disclose and stabilize the interface by forming a viscoelastic network and directing to high surface moduli. Comparatively, the surface tension is lowered by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants than the WPI, but they do not produce a high modulus interface. WPI is demonstrated to be a greater foam stabilizer in oil and various salt conditions than SDS foam. Adding sodium chloride (NaCl) increased the half-life and volume of foam more on WPI foam compared to SDS foam. SDS foamability and foam consistency decreased dramatically at 2 wt% of NaCl concentration and above while WPI foam increased. The crude oil affected both foams, but WPI foam has not been affected as much as the SDS foam due to its high strength compared to traditional foams. The study shows that WPI reduced interfacial tension from 38 to 11 mN/m and reduced surface tension (72.3 to 48 mN/m). It was low enough and can be used as a substitute for a foaming agent to enhance the recovery of oil

Buku panduan penggunaan dan pengisian buku rekod kesihatan ibu hamil

The usage of clinic based Antenatal Record Book in Malaysia was started in 1st June 1993. It supposedly contains the complete information on antenatal care received by a pregnant woman. This was later changed to home based record in 1997. Comprehensive review of this Antenatal Record Book were made in 2012 and again in 2019 in conjunction with the ever dynamic health technologies

Rheological properties of surface-modified nanoparticles-stabilized CO2 foam

This study investigates the rheological properties of surface-modified nanoparticles-stabilized CO2 foam in porous media for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. Due to the foam pseudo-plastic behavior, the foam apparent viscosity was estimated based on the power law constitutive model. The results show that foam exhibit shear-thinning behavior. The presence of surface-modified silica nanoparticles enhanced the foam bulk apparent viscosity by 15%. Foam apparent viscosity in the capillary porous media was four times higher than that in capillary viscometer, and foam apparent viscosity increased as porous media permeability increases. The high apparent viscosity of the surface-modified nanoparticles-stabilized foam could result in effective fluid diversion and pore blocking processes and enhance their potential applications in heterogeneous reservoir

Mechanistic study of nanoparticles-surfactant foam flow in etched glass micro-models

This study was conducted in order to identify the pore-level mechanisms controlling the nanoparticles–surfactant foams flow process and residual oil mobilization in etched glass micro-models. The dominant mechanism of foam propagation and residual oil mobilization in water-wet system was identified as lamellae division and emulsification of oil, respectively. There was inter-bubble trapping of oil and water, lamellae detaching and collapsing of SDS-foam in the presence of oil in water-wet system and in oil-wet system. The dominant mechanisms of nanoparticles–surfactant foam flow and residual oil mobilization in oil-wet system were the generation of pore spanning continuous gas foam. The identified mechanisms were independent of pore geometry. The SiO2-SDS and Al2O3-SDS foams propagate successfully in water-wet and oil-wet systems; foam coalescence was prevented during film stretching due to the adsorption and accumulation of the nanoparticles at the gas–liquid interface of the foam, which increased the films’ interfacial viscoelasticity

Experimental investigation of enhancement of carbon dioxide foam stability, pore plugging, and oil recovery in the presence of silica nanoparticles

Abstract The influence of surface-modified silica (SiO2) nanoparticles on the stability and pore plugging properties of foams in porous media was investigated in this study. The pore plugging ability of foams was estimated from the pressure drop induced during foam propagation in porous media. The results clearly showed that the modified SiO2 nanoparticle-stabilized foam exhibited high stability, and the differential pressure increased in porous media by as much as three times. The addition of SiO2 nanoparticles to the foaming dispersions further mitigated the adverse effect of oil toward the foam pore plugging ability. Consequently, the oil recovery increased in the presence of nanoparticles by approximately 15% during the enhanced oil recovery experiment. The study suggested that the addition of surface-modified silica nanoparticles to the surfactant solution could considerably improve the conventional foam stability and pore plugging performance in porous media

A comprehensive review of experimental studies of nanoparticles-stabilized foam for enhanced oil recovery

Nanoparticles-stabilized foam has recently attracted increasing attention for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications, largely due to the potentially high stability of these foams in the oil producing formations. There are several research articles on experimental studies of nanoparticles-stabilized foam for EOR applications. However, no previous attempts has been made to comprehensively review these existing literature. To fill this identified knowledge gap, we conducted the first comprehensive review on current status of static stability experiments, macroscopic and microscopic scale experimental studies of nanoparticles-stabilized foam for EOR applications. Influence of different critical parameters on the foam performance was reviewed. The results of the previous studies were discussed, challenges and conflicting findings were identified and directions for further studies were suggested. Experiments were conducted by the authors to complement some of the results in literature. From the reviewed literature, results of experimental studies indicated that the presence of nanoparticles at an appropriate concentration and favorable hydrophobicity will improved the foam static and dynamic stability in porous media. Several critical parameters like nanoparticles types, salinity, oil presence, temperature and pressure control the efficiency of nanoparticle-stabilized foam. Review of the experimental methods showed that the pore-scale mechanisms of nanoparticles-stabilized foam generation, stability, propagation, and residual oil mobilizations in porous media are not yet explicit due to limited studies. Nanoparticles-stabilized foams for EOR have not been implemented in the field due to limited understanding of influence of controlling parameters on foam performance and insufficient mechanistic and modelling studies. The remarkable potential of nanoparticles-stabilized foam to recover the trapped oil from the low permeability layer of the heterogeneous formation, due to the occurrence of foam diversion, and the use of fly-ash nanoparticles for EOR applications remains an interesting topics for future studies