Morphological characters.

Table containing information about color patter for five morphological characters and the watter type for specimen. The morphological characters Dorsal fin melanin (DF_Mel) possess two states (hyalin, and any black); Color of dorsal fin (DF), Color of adipose fin (AdF), Color of dorsal lobe of caudal fin (DLCF), and Color of ventral lobe of caudal fin (VLCF) possess four color states (hyalin, yellow, orange, and red); while Water type (WT) possess four [transparent, few tannins (secchi > 1m), many tannins or slight turbidity (secchi (XLSX)</p

Variation in color of the <i>B</i>. <i>(Creatochanes)</i> clade across sample locations.

a) Bryconops (C.) giacopinii (Manaus—dark Blackwaters); b) Bryconops (C.) melanurus (Manaus—light Blackwaters); c) Bryconops (C.) melanurus (Coastal—light Blackwaters); d) Bryconops (C.) aff. affinis (Xingu—Clearwaters). (PDF)</p

Map of <i>Bryconops</i> sampling locations with indication of the water type.

Water type: Black = Turbid waters; Purple = Dark (high tannin concentration) Blackwaters; Orange = Light (low tannin concentration) Blackwaters; Cream = Clearwaters. Ecoregions [41]: A = Negro River basin; B = southern Guiana shield; C = Xingu River basin; D = coastal streams.</p

Phylogenetic independence and coevolutionary strength tests.

Test for phylogenetic independence of phenotypical traits using Autocorrelation (Abouheif’s Cmean) and Brownian Motion model (Pagel’s λ), and coevolutionary strength of these traits with water type as determined by Wheatsheaf test, presenting the value of the index (Wheatsheaf) with the respective lower and upper bounds and significance (P).</p

Specimens details.

Table containing taxonomy information (Family, Genus and Species); curatorial information (Identifier, sampling date, collection deposited and sequence id for BOLD); and geographical information (Country, State, Eco region, Latitude and Longitude) for the new sequenced specimens, respectively. (XLSX)</p

Variation in color of the <i>B</i>. <i>(Bryconops)</i> clade across sample locations.

a) Bryconops (B.) caudomaculatus (Manaus—dark Blackwaters); b) Bryconops (B.) caudomaculatus (S Guiana shield—lighter Blackwaters); c) Bryconops (B.) caudomaculatus (Coastal—lighter Blackwaters); d) Bryconops (B.) rheorubrum (Xingu—Clearwaters and turbid waters). (PDF)</p

<i>Bryconops</i> phylogeny.

Maximum likelihood phylogeny with vertical bars representing sample location by ecoregion (ER), water type (WT), and results of species delimitation analyses. Support values for nodes are based on Bayesian a posteriori probability (above) and bootstrap for ML and NJ analyses (below, separated by slash) respectively. The colors displayed for ER are in accordance with the inset map, while colors for WT are in accordance with the map from Fig 1. The Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) identified by ABGD (A), bPTP (b) and GYMC (G) species delimitation methodologies were colored to highlight the subgenera Bryconops (purple, blue and greens) and Creatochanes (yellow, orange, red and pinks).* = 100% bootstrap support or BPP = 1,— = no support.</p

Summary data for sample numbers by species (N Total), number of localities from which they were sampled, and water types, and number of samples by water type (N_WT).

Summary data for sample numbers by species (N Total), number of localities from which they were sampled, and water types, and number of samples by water type (N_WT).</p