Evaluation de la fertilité des sols et les rendements de cotonnier, maïs et sorgho à >Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex. Walp

De nos jours, la carence en fertilité des sols est un problème très répandu dans la plupart des pays subsahariens. G. sepium a été testé en association avec le cotonnier, le maïs et le sorgho afin de développer les meilleures pratiques dans deux stations de recherche et en milieu paysan dans les zones soudaniennes et soudano-guinéenne du Mali. L'objectif de cette étude était de développer, avec les producteurs participants, une technologie agro-forestière basée sur le Gliricidia sepium dans le système de culture en couloir. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé a été le Split plot à quatre répétitions. Le pH, le carbone organique du sol et l'azote ont été analysé dans des échantillons de sol de 0 à 20 cm de profondeur prélevés en 2016 au début de l'expérience et en 2018. Les rendements grains moyens de coton, de maïs et de sorgho associés au G. sepium étaient respectivement de 812, 1457 et 1377 kg.ha-1, alors qu'ils étaient significativement plus faibles sans G. sepium, avec 623, 1014 et 807 kg.ha-1 respectivement. Pendant la troisième année suivant la plantation de G. sepium, la teneur en carbone organique et en azote total du sol a augmenté de 5% dans les sols situés entre les allées. Le G. sepium en association avec les cultures a le potentiel d'améliorer leurs rendements et le sol.Mots clés : Carbone organique, azote, rendements, zones soudanienne et soudano-guinéenne, Mali English Title: Evaluation of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex. Walp effect on soil fertility, yields of cotton, maize and sorghum Nowdays, soil fertility deficiency is a widespread issue in most Sub-Saharian countries specially where the application of less input is the common agricultural practices. Thus the legume plant, G. sepium was established with cotton, maize and sorghum to develop best practices for increasing crop yield and soil fertility at two research stations and farming environment in the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones of Mali. The objective of this study was to develop an agroforestry technology with farmers based on Gliricidia sepium in alley cropping system. The experimental design was Split plot with four replications. Soil pH, soil organic carbon and nitrogen were analyzed from 0-20 cm deep soil samples taken in 2016 at the beginning of the experiment and in 2018. Mean grain yields of cotton, maize and sorghum associated with G. sepium were 812, 1457 and 1377 kg.ha-1, respectively, while they were significantly lower without G. sepium with 623, 1014 and 807 kg.ha-1 as respectively cotton, maize and sorghum yield. In the third year after planting G. sepium, the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content increased by 5% between the alleys. G. sepium in association with crops has the potential to improve crop yields and soil fertility.Keywords: Gliricidia sepium, organic carbon, nitrogen, yields, Mali

Developing the HRH Policy and Plan in Mali

Context: Deficient HRH management – especially insufficient training and motivation, and adverse distribution of qualified staff countrywide, at the expense of poor and remote areas – has been identified for over a decade as one major constraint for the implementation of Mali's national health policy. Main objective: The HRH policy aims to define a coherent framework for the ministry of health (MoH) and its partners in order to ensure the harmonious development, distribution, management and motivation of health staff so as to ultimately improve health results. The policy is translated into an operational plan dealing specifically with training, recruitment, motivation, and career management. Methodology: The HRH policy and plan were developed by a core team under the leadership of the Planning Department of the MoH, with the involvement from other departments of the MoH, the ministries in charge of finance (MoF) and civil service (MoCS), and donors. After analyzing existing studies and data, the diagnosis over the major problems to be tackled was done. This allowed identifying the main orientations of the policy, which were then translated into strategies and interventions, and then costed. Once the policy and plan have been drafted by the core team, they have been circulated to all departments and partners and discussed in several meetings with different stakeholders at central level. After integrating comments from these meetings, the MoH organized a validation workshop with very broad participation (including the operational level, private sector, and civil society) so as to ensure ownership. Final amendments were negotiated with the MoF and MoCS in order to be adopted as a national policy by the Counsel of Ministers by the end of 2009. Results: The HRH policy and plan now benefit from wide political support by major stakeholders. Yet, implementation still has been delayed because of the management modalities at operational level still need to be definitively agreed upon. Conclusion: The inclusive development process has been necessary to move on with the complex and highly sensitive issue of HRH management, and to get the support from MoF, MoSC and donors who are supposed to contribute to its financing.info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

L’Appui budgétaire au secteur de la Santé

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Les ressources humaines pour la Santé

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Le financement de l’approche sectorielle Santé au Mali

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Approche sectorielle et financements spécifiques pour la santé

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Comparative analysis of two different approaches to putting IHP+ into practice: Mali and Benin

Introduction: The International Health Partnership and related initiatives (IHP+) seeks to achieve better results by mobilising development partners around a single country-led national health strategy, guided by the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. At country level, the IHP+ materializes through the preparation, signature, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of a "Country Compact" – a negotiated and signed agreement in which partners commit to implement and uphold the priorities outlined in the national health strategy. Some of the main determining features of the IHP+ are the leadership of the recipient government over the preparation and implementation process of the Compact, broad domestic ownership of the national health plan, and mutual accountability for results. Methods: In this communication, we perform a comparative analysis of two very different approaches that have been followed in Mali and Benin. It is based on authors' experience in the IHP+ process in Mali, extensive document review and interviews with most significant stakeholders involved in the process both in Mali and Benin. Results: Mali has prepared its country Compact on the grounds of its 10-year experience in leading a sector-wide approach (SWAp) in the health sector. It has therefore benefited from improved donor coordination, MoH leadership in piloting the national programme, trust capital between partners and broad ownership of the health plan. It has succeeded in making the IHP+ process even more inclusive. On the contrary, Benin had no health SWAp to start with. The preparation process of the Compact was much less inclusive and country-led, resulting in narrow ownership and vague commitments. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the IHP+ can help launch a new partnership dynamic within the health sector. Conclusion: Beyond common principles, the IHP+ is put into practice in different ways from country to country according to their context.info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

L’évolution et la dynamique de l’approche sectorielle Santé au Mali

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Bottom-Up Approaches to Policy-making and Aid Effectiveness in the Health Sector: The case of Mali

Introducing bottom-up approaches into policy-making processes can be a good pathway towards improving aid and development effectiveness. At this regard, the case of Mali is emblematic because health plans are elaborated through decentralised mechanisms: committees at local level elaborate annually their own operational plans; these are then presented at regional level and traduced into regional plans, which are finally aggregated at the central level into the national plan, according to the national policy guidelines. In 2011, the elaboration of the new health programme for the period 2012-2022 enabled to strengthen planning capacities and coherence through the introduction of new bottom-up mechanisms improving stakeholders’ participation and better taking stock of local experiences. Indeed, for policies to be really effective, two key components of the policy-making process are particularly important. Firstly, past experience should be better taken into account and evidence should be used to inform new strategies. This requires the integration of learning dynamics all along the policy process, where stakeholders’ experience and local evidence become essential inputs for planning new strategies and plans. For this evidence to be successfully translated into policies, the influence of individual, organisational and system capacities and resources should be also considered. Secondly, a mindset shift is needed from a linear to a systemic understanding of development. This requests stakeholders to accept that development and health results are multifactorial and that they should be rather expected over the long term. Based on lessons learned from the Malian experience and on literature review, our presentation introduces a framework for action that highlights key determinants and constraints related to the use of bottom-up mechanisms in policy-making in the health sector in a context of aid dependence.info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Developing national health sector monitoring and accountability platforms. The opportunity of IHP+ in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal

There is now growing consensus about the importance of building and strengthening national monitoring platforms in order to facilitate the evaluation of large-scale health programmes and initiatives in low- and middle-income countries [see the paper published in 2010 in The Lancet by Victora et al.]. This is also crucial for improving accountability, which is defined by the United Nations' Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health as a cyclical process of monitoring, review, and (remedial) action. The International Health Partnership and related initiatives (IHP+), World Health Organization and other partners have recently developed guidelines to support country-led platforms for monitoring, evaluation and review of national health strategies. The national Compacts promoted in the framework of IHP+ offer an excellent opportunity to foster the development of such country-led platforms for information and accountability. Indeed, a Compact formalises the commitments of the recipient government and health sector partners to increase financing efforts in the health sector, to respect aid effectiveness principles and to support the national health policy and strategies in a common planning, coordination, and monitoring & evaluation framework. IHP+ is also closely connected to initiatives such as the Health Metrics Network that aims to improve the quality of health information in developing countries. We propose to analyse how the Ministries of Health in four Francophone Western African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal) have seized the opportunity of IHP+ to strengthen their monitoring and accountability platforms, and assess what further actions could be taken in the future. We present a comparative analysis grid filled on the basis of the experience of the co-authors in supporting the process in the four countries. This composes the first step of an on-going research and experience sharing project supported by GRAP-PA Santé.info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe