One-pot three-component synthesis of some new azo-pyrazoline derivatives

The starting material azo-benzyloxy acetophenone (2) has been synthesized in three steps; the direct diazotization of p-aminoacetophenone and its coupling reaction with m-cresol gave azo-acetophenone (1), which was benzylated with p-chlorobenzylchloride to give the starting material (2). The later compound was subjected to the one-pot three-component condensation reaction with substituted benzaldehydes and phenylhydrazine in the presence of sodium hydroxide to afford the target molecule azo-pyrazoline derivatives (3a-e) in high yields and short reaction times. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 13C DEPT 135 spectra

Optimisation of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentrations for production of biomass and phenolics from adventitious roots of Justicia Gendarussa

We investigated different concentrations of lBA to determine its effect on biomass increase and the accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids in adventitious roots of Justiciu gendarussa. Leaf extracts were cultured in MS-based medium supplemented with different concentrations of lBA (2. 3 or 5 mgl." ). These roots were cultured under darkness in shake flasks for 5 weeks. Total phenolic and t1avonoids contents were determined using colorimetric method. Gallic acid and catechin were used as standards. Among the different concentrations of lBA. 2 mgl.' lEA was proven as the best concentration 1';1' adventitious roots biomass production (5.90 g of fresh weight (FW) and 0.53 g of dry weight (OW)). On contrary. 3 mgl," lBA induced higher phenolic and l1avonoid contents than other treatments ( 16.68 rug GAE/g OW and 10.72 mg CTE/g OW). The result indicates that. different lBA concentrations affects biomass and the accumulation of phenolics from adventitious root cultures of.J. gendarussu. Our finding revealed that. lEA was determined the most suitable aux in for adventitious root proliferation of.J. gendurussa . Therefore. the optimisation of auxin concentrations is beneficial to large scale production of biomass and secondary metabolites in 1. gendarussa

Detection of naringenin and kaempferol in justicia gendarussa leaf extracts by GC-FID

Justicia gendarussa methanolic leaves extract from four different locations in Southern region of Malaysia and distribution of two flavonoids, naringenin and kaempferol in plant organs (young and mature leaves) were determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. Naringenin and kaempferol contents were detected and quantified in leaves extract. The results indicated that mature leaves contained more naringenin and kaempferol compared to young leaves. The highest concentration of naringenin and kaempferol were recorded in mature leaves from Skudai and Muar regions which were 507.692 and 1226.964 mgkg-1, respectively. Data analysis showed that naringenin content was directly proportional to the amount of kaempferol in the leaf extracts. In conclusion, this study suggested geographical variation among plant samples and physiological stage of organ parts could contribute to variation in flavonoids concentration in a plant species

In vitro Maturation and Fertilization of Riverine Buffalo Follicular Oocytes in Media Supplemented with Oestrus Buffalo Serum and Hormones

Effects of two maturation media (TCM-199 and Ham's F-12) with and without the addition of oestrus buffalo serum (OBS) and hormones (FSH, LH, E2) on the maturation rate of buffalo follicular oocytes were evaluated. The results revealed a significant (P P 2+ free Tyrode's medium (63.72%) than in TALP (10.9%) and IVF-TL (32.18%). Thus, TCM-199 containing hormones and OBS appeared better for in vitro maturation, whereas modified Ca2+ free tyrode's medium was found to be more suitable for in vitro fertilization of buffalo follicular oocytes

Effect of Somatic Cell Types and Culture Medium on in vitro Maturation, Fertilization and Early Development Capability of Buffalo Oocytes

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of different somatic cell types and media in supporting in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and early embryonic development competence of buffalo follicular oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes were collected for maturation from follicles (>6mm) of buffalo ovaries collected at the local abattoir. Oocytes were co-cultured in tissue culture medium (TCM-199) with either granulosa cells, cumulus cells, or buffalo oviductal epithelial cells (BOEC) @ 3x106 cells/ml or in TCM-199 without helper cells (control) at 39°C and 5%CO2 in humidified air. Fresh semen was prepared in modified Ca++ free Tyrode medium. Fertilization was carried out in four types of media: i) Tyrode lactate albumin pyruvate (TALP), ii) TALP+BOEC, iii) modified Ca++ free Tyrode and iv) modified Ca++ free Tyrode+BOEC. Fertilized oocytes were cultured for early embryonic development in TCM-199 with and without BOEC. Higher maturation rates were observed in the granulosa (84.24%) and cumulus cells (83.44%) than BOEC co culture system (73.37%). Highest fertilization rate was obtained in modified Ca++ free Tyrode with BOEC co culture (70.42%), followed by modified Ca++ free Tyrode alone (63.77%), TALP with BOEC (36.92%) and TALP alone (10.94%). Development of early embryos (8-cell stage) improved in TCM-199 with BOEC co culture than TCM-199 alone. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that addition of somatic cells (granulosa cells, cumulus cells) results in higher maturation rates of buffalo follicular oocytes than BOEC co culture system, while fertilization rate improved in modified Ca++ free Tyrode with and without BOEC. Addition of BOEC to TCM-199 improved the developmental capacity of early embryo

Parametric Modeling of Metal Inert Gas (MIG) Welding Process using Second-Order Regression Model Analysis

Welding parameters play an important role in determining the quality of a weld joint. In this present study, an attempt was made to determine the correlation of the welding parameters and weld quality of MIG welding process using regression analysis of a full factorial design experiment. Welding speed and arc voltage were varied during the fabrication of T-joint AA 6082-T6 aluminium alloys. Weld quality was analyzed in terms of tensile strength and penetration depth. Considering all terms, a linear regression analysis was employed to develop input-output correlation. From the analysis of ANOVA, it is noticeable that welding voltage and the voltage-speed interaction significantly affect both tensile and penetration depth. The developed empirical model to predict tensile strength and penetration depth can yield nearly accurate results, where the percentage error is below 10%, within the range of design environment

Enhancing the catalytic activity of eggshell-derived CaO catalyst and its application in biodiesel production from waste chicken fat.

The comparatively greater cost of producing biodiesel in comparison to petroleum diesel is one of the key drawbacks. Eggshells and leftover chicken fat are examples of poultry wastes that can be used to produce biodiesel at a low cost as catalysts and oil, respectively. In this study, eggshell-derived CaO and its doping with sodium methoxide catalyst for enhancing catalytic activity was synthesized for the transesterification of waste chicken fat and characterized by FT-IR and XRD analyses. XRD studies confirmed the crystalline structure of the developed catalyst and doping of sodium with eggshell-derived CaO. The transesterification reaction was performed at different reaction parameters such as the catalyst loading, the methanol to oil ratio, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time. The biodiesel produced at the maximum yield was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. A maximum yield of 96% biodiesel was obtained with catalyst loading of 2 wt% of oil, as well as a methanol to oil ratio of 13:1 at 60 °C in 1 h. The output demonstrates that eggshell waste is a potentially accessible source of biomass-derived nano catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel using chicken fat as a feedstock

Smart methods to deal with COVID-19 at university-level institutions using social network analysis techniques

The current global health crisis is a consequence of the pandemic caused by COVID-19. It has impacted the lives of people from all factions of society. The re-emergence of new variants is threatening the world, which urges the development of new methods to prevent rapid spread. Places with more extensive social dealings, such as offices, organizations, and educational institutes, have a greater tendency to escalate the viral spread. This research focuses on developing a strategy to find out the key transmitters of the virus, particularly at educational institutes. The reason for considering educational institutions is the severity of the educational needs and the high risk of rapid spread. Educational institutions offer an environment where students come from different regions and communicate with each other at close distances. To slow down the virus’s spread rate, a method is proposed in this paper that differs from vaccinating the entire population or complete lockdown. In the present research, we identified a few key spreaders, which can be isolated and can slow down the transmission rate of the contagion. The present study creates a student communication network, and virus transmission is modeled over the predicted network. Using student-to-student communication data, three distinct networks are generated to analyze the roles of nodes responsible for the spread of this contagion. Intra-class and inter-class networks are generated, and the contagion spread was observed on them. Using social network strategies, we can decrease the maximum number of infections from 200 to 70 individuals, with contagion lasting in the network for 60 days

Machine learning-based anomaly detection in NFV: a comprehensive survey

Network function virtualization (NFV) is a rapidly growing technology that enables the virtualization of traditional network hardware components, offering benefits such as cost reduction, increased flexibility, and efficient resource utilization. Moreover, NFV plays a crucial role in sensor and IoT networks by ensuring optimal resource usage and effective network management. However, adopting NFV in these networks also brings security challenges that must promptly and effectively address. This survey paper focuses on exploring the security challenges associated with NFV. It proposes the utilization of anomaly detection techniques as a means to mitigate the potential risks of cyber attacks. The research evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of various machine learningbased algorithms for detecting network-based anomalies in NFV networks. By providing insights into the most efficient algorithm for timely and effective anomaly detection in NFV networks, this study aims to assist network administrators and security professionals in enhancing the security of NFV deployments, thus safeguarding the integrity and performance of sensors and IoT systems

Efficacy of feed-based formalin-killed vaccine of Streptococcus iniae stimulates the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and immune response of red hybrid tilapia

Red hybrid tilapia were fed a formalin-killed oral Streptococcus iniae vaccine (FKV) in the present study was assessed. Three hundred Red hybrid tilapia 80 ± 10 g were divided into five groups (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, and Cx), each consisting of 60 fish. Fish from Groups 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B were fed with FKV over different periods of administration, while Group 2B was the only group of fish to receive an oral booster vaccination on day 14- and 21-days post-vaccination (dpv). Group Cx was fed with normal pellets containing no vaccine as a control group. At four weeks post-vaccination (wpv), all fish were experimentally infected with S. iniae. Groups 2A and 2B had the lowest level of mortalities following vaccination (45% and 30%, respectively) compared to Groups 1A and 1B (80% and 55%, respectively), while the level of mortalities in Group Cx was 100%. All vaccinated groups showed a significant increase in anti-S. iniae IgM levels (p 0.05) and all fish in this group died by five weeks post-infection. In conclusion, fish fed with the S. iniae FKV had a greater level of protection against S. iniae, with increased specific antibody response to the vaccine and there was also evidence of GALT stimulation by the vaccine