Sexual dimorphism in survival of <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> inoculated with <i>B</i>. <i>bassiana</i> strain ARSEF 12460 is affected by mating status (Experiment 1).

Female (orange) and male (blue) survival after control spray (dashed lines) and fungal spray (solid lines) is shown for cohabiting flies, virgin flies, and mated flies which mated for only 24 hours. Survival was followed for 21 days after the spray. Sample sizes per treatment are provided in the legend. The top graphs show model estimates for survival proportions, using four replicates of raw data with 95% Bootstrap confidence intervals. See S1 and S2 Tables for statistical analysis of this data. Bottom graphs show the raw data plotted for the four replicates of each treatment and the means. For cohabiting and virgin flies, females had better survival than males after inoculation. For mated flies, this trend was reversed. In both females and males, virgin survival was higher than mated survival, which was itself higher than survival under cohabiting conditions. (TIF)</p

Yeast supplementation affects sexual dimorphism in surviving infection (Experiment 4).

Whenever yeast supplementation was provided after inoculation, it reduced the sexual dimorphism in survival. When yeast supplementation was provided before and after the spray, there was sexual dimorphism among uninfected flies. The hazard ratio, showing difference in hazard between males and females is largest for flies that received the glucose diet. (PDF)</p

Dietary treatments of Experiment 4.

For each dietary condition, half of the flies were inoculated and half were treated as controls. All flies were reared on a cornmeal diet until age 12 from egg. Then the specific dietary conditions were applied. (PDF)</p

Raw data for Experiment 3.

All data from Experiment 3 are shown. The control treatment received a spray without pathogen and the fungal treatment received a spray with Beauveria bassiana GHA. All flies were in cohabiting conditions. Flies received four diet conditions as explained in S1 Table, receiving cornmeal (C) or glucose (G) before and/or after the spray. The assay continued for 9 days. Daily deaths are shown for both males and females. The starting number of flies in each cage are shown in the “initial density” column. The experiment was twice replicated. (XLSX)</p

There was no sexual dimorphism in survival among control flies (Experiment 5).

When flies were inoculated with fungus, there was sexual dimorphism on all diets, but the age intervals and magnitudes of this dimorphism changed with the level of yeast supplementation. When there is no yeast supplement or a little amount of supplement, the dimorphism starts at earlier ages than with higher levels of yeast supplement. (PDF)</p

Level of yeast supplementation affects sexual dimorphism in survival when <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> are inoculated with <i>B</i>. <i>bassiana</i> GHA (Experiment 5).

All flies were reared on cornmeal diets. After the sprays, flies received cornmeal diets supplemented with varying levels of yeast. See S7 and S8 Tables for statistical analysis of these results. The figure shows model estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the raw data shown in S15 Table.</p

Raw data for Experiment 5.

All data from Experiment 5 are shown. The control treatment received a spray without pathogen and the fungal treatment received a spray with Beauveria bassiana GHA. All flies were in cohabiting conditions. Flies received four diet conditions: cornmeal (C) and cornmeal supplemented with three levels of yeast (CY0.5, CY1.0, CY1.5). The assay continued for 12 days. Daily deaths are shown for both males and females. The starting number of flies in each cage are shown in the “initial density” column. The experiment was replicated twice each time with two technical replicates per condition in separate cages (labeled alpha and beta in the cage number column). (XLSX)</p

Effects of dietary condition and infection status on male and female survival in different age groups (Experiment 3).

Effects of inoculation and diet changes on males and females compared to control males on cornmeal diet. (PDF)</p

Effect of diet on survival of males and females combined when inoculated with <i>B</i>. <i>bassiana</i> GHA (Experiment 4).

Hazard ratios and p-values are presented from 0–4, 4–9 and 9–14 days post inoculation. (PDF)</p

Raw data for Experiment 2.

All of the data from Experiment 2 are shown. The control treatment is a spray without any pathogen and the inoculated treatment is sprayed with Beauveria bassiana GHA. All flies were in cohabiting conditions. The assay continued for 19 days, and daily deaths are shown (day 1 data is removed due to handling loss). The starting number of flies in each cage are shown in the “initial density” column. The experiment was repeated three times, each time with two replicate cages per condition (see cage number column). (XLSX)</p