Restauration d’une zone corallienne dégradée et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynésie française

The restoration of coral reef habitats by coral transplantation is a hot topic in the news toda y due to the accelerating degradation of the coral reef ecosystem all over the world. There is much discussion about research programs for the transplantation of corals and about ac tuai field realizations and the motivation for coral reef restoration. But the implementation of such a project depends on a social request considering local or global cultural and economical situations . Projects are very costly and only applicable when important economical interests are involved such as the fight against erosion or tourism development. In the lagoon of Bora Bora in French Polynesia, a fringing zone, degraded by coral sand extractions, led to an erosion of the coast damaging local private property in a sec tor weil oriented toward tourism activities. The reconstruction of this degraded site (20,000 sq.m) required physically filling up holes, implementation of spurs, and putting into place artificial concrete structures to promote the natural colonization of corals and other reef organisms in order to reduce swell impacts. The creation of a coral reef garden was also part of the project with the transplantation of corals collected in the vicinity. Fifty groups of three different types of concrete blocks have been set out on the site and six others constitute the coral reef garden on which 311 coral colonies are transplanted. Two and a half years after this restoration, the project proved to be successful. The coral reef garden flourished; it showed much diversification and little mortality among the corals colonies, and the natural colonization on the concrete substrate was teeming with corals, seaurchins, mollusks, and fishes. But thirty months later, an exceptionally violent meteorological and oceanographical situation led to a catastrophic event which caused many transplanted coral as weil as natural colonies in the vicinity to be killed off. Lagoon waters temperatures were recorded as high as 34°C and of the 311 transplanted coral colonies only 119 survived, most of them bleached or partly dead. All colonies of the genus Acropora died, while those of the genus Psammocora survived. Methods for restoration and creation of coral reef gardens are highly controlled but they cannot always escape such catastrophic events such as the one in Bora Bora in December 2001. Physical restoration was successful but the biological transplantation of corals failed. Thus, when we consider how expansive a restoration project is, it is essential to conduct an historical inquiry on a potential coral transplantation site before implementing any projectLes problèmes de restauration de zones coralliennes, avec transplantations de coraux, sont à l'ordre du jour compte tenu de la dégradation accélérée de cet écosystème à la surface de la planète. Les motivations des recherches dans ce domaine et celles des projets de restauration sur le terrain sont évoquées. Elles répondent à une demande sociale exprimée en fonction de considérations culturelles et économiques. Les projets sont coûteux et ne peuvent concerner que des cas très limités avec des intérêts économiques importants (lutte contre l' érosion, développement du tourisme). À Bora Bora, en Polynésie française, une zone lagonaire frangeante, dégradée par des extractions de sédiment corallien, provoquait une érosion littorale. Son ré-aménagement comporte une restauration physique des lieux (comblement des fosses, réalisation d'épis...) et la mise en place de structures artificielles pour permettre la colonisation naturelle de coraux et autres organismes, afin de jouer le rôle de brise houle. Ce projet s'accompagne de la création d'un jardin corallien avec structures artificielles sur lesquelles sont fixés des transplants de coraux. Deux ans et demi après la fin des travaux, le jardin corallien affiche une communauté corallienne florissante et diversifiée avec très peu de mortalité des colonies transplantées, une croissance normale et la colonisation naturelle de coraux et d'autres organismes des récifs coralliens (oursins, mollusques, poissons). Cependant, un événement météorologique et océanographique exceptionnel, trente mois après la création du jardin corallien, a entraîné une forte mortalité des coraux transplantés comme ceux naturellement en place dans le secteur. Si les techniques nécessaires à la restauration de zones dégradées et à la création de jardins coralliens sont totalement maîtrisées, ces réalisations n'échappent pas aux variations temporelles des conditions de milieu qui peuvent être catastrophiques. Dans un tel cas, comme à Bora Bora en décembre 2001, la restauration physique reste à l'actif de l'opération, mais l'échec de la restauration biologique est à noter. Une étude historique, sur plusieurs décennies, des zones sujettes à des mortalités exceptionnelles s'impose donc avant tout choix de sites pour la réalisation de jardins coralliens dont les coûts sont très élevé

Peripheral Delta Opioid Receptors Mediate Formoterol Anti-allodynic Effect in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain is a challenging condition for which current therapies often remain unsatisfactory. Chronic administration of β2 adrenergic agonists, including formoterol currently used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alleviates mechanical allodynia in the sciatic nerve cuff model of neuropathic pain. The limited clinical data currently available also suggest that formoterol would be a suitable candidate for drug repurposing. The antiallodynic action of β2 adrenergic agonists is known to require activation of the delta-opioid (DOP) receptor but better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved is necessary. Using a mouse line in which DOP receptors were selectively ablated in neurons expressing Nav1.8 sodium channels (DOP cKO), we showed that these DOP peripheral receptors were necessary for the antiallodynic action of the β2 adrenergic agonist formoterol in the cuff model. Using a knock-in mouse line expressing a fluorescent version of the DOP receptor fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (DOPeGFP), we established in a previous study, that mechanical allodynia is associated with a smaller percentage of DOPeGFP positive small peptidergic sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), with a reduced density of DOPeGFP positive free nerve endings in the skin and with increased DOPeGFP expression at the cell surface. Here, we showed that the density of DOPeGFP positive free nerve endings in the skin is partially restored and no increase in DOPeGFP translocation to the plasma membrane is observed in mice in which mechanical pain is alleviated upon chronic oral administration of formoterol. This study, therefore, extends our previous results by confirming that changes in the mechanical threshold are associated with changes in peripheral DOP profile. It also highlights the common impact on DOP receptors between serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors such as duloxetine and the β2 mimetic formoterol.journal article20192020 02 14importe

The antiallodynic action of pregabalin in neuropathic pain is independent from the opioid system.

BACKGROUND: Clinical management of neuropathic pain, which is pain arising as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system, partly relies on the use of anticonvulsant drugs such as gabapentinoids. Therapeutic action of gabapentinoids such as gabapentin and pregabalin, which act by the inhibition of calcium currents through interaction with the α2δ-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, is well documented. However, some aspects of the downstream mechanisms are still to be uncovered. Using behavioral, genetic, and pharmacological approaches, we tested whether opioid receptors are necessary for the antiallodynic action of acute and/or long-term pregabalin treatment in the specific context of neuropathic pain. RESULTS: Using the cuff model of neuropathic pain in mice, we show that acute pregabalin administration at high dose has a transitory antiallodynic action, while prolonged oral pregabalin treatment leads to sustained antiallodynic action, consistent with clinical observations. We show that pregabalin remains fully effective in μ-opioid receptor, in δ-opioid receptor and in κ-opioid receptor deficient mice, either female or male, and its antiallodynic action is not affected by acute naloxone. Our work also shows that long-term pregabalin treatment suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α overproduction induced by sciatic nerve constriction in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that neither acute nor long-term antiallodynic effect of pregabalin in a context of neuropathic pain is mediated by the endogenous opioid system, which differs from opioid treatment of pain and antidepressant treatment of neuropathic pain. Our data are also supportive of an impact of gabapentinoid treatment on the neuroimmune aspect of neuropathic pain.journal articleresearch support, non-u.s. gov't20162016 03 29importe

Barthelemi l’Anglais, traités du soleil et de la lune, traduits par Jean Corbechon (1372) (édition et commentaire)

Présentation L’astronomie est, à côté de l’arithmétique, de la musique et de la géométrie, l’un des quadrivalia dont l’enseignement est autorisé à la Faculté des Arts de Paris, les jours de fête selon le Statut de Robert de Courçon qui date de 1215. Si, comme le remarque M. Guy Beaujouan, "il est très difficile de savoir ce qu’était, au xiiie siècle, l’enseignement du Quadrivium" à Paris, l’étude des manuels d’enseignement en circulation à cette époque est "beaucoup plus révélatrice." En ce q..