A MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM OF TREATMENT OF UROTHELIAL CANCER

Urothelial cancer (UC) is one of the leading onco-urological diseases. The lack of clinical manifestations of the disease at earlier stages does not allow assigning an adequate therapy in good time. Currently they extensively use conventional methods of treatment, which are constantly improving. Nevertheless, such methods are not always sufficiently effective: they neither always avert recurring, nor ensure sufficient remission and longevity of a patient. Identification of new trends in the early diagnostics of not only cancers but also pre-cancers plays an important role in forming conceptually new approaches to medical treatments. Molecular genetic features of UC have shown a significant chromosomal mutational variability, the dependence of genetic variations on the tumor invasion level, as well as its high level of immunizing power. Successes achieved in understanding the processes taking place not only in the tumor microenvironment but also in tumors have enabled creating fundamentally new anticancer drugs and achieving a significant progress in treating UC. This article presents a new classification of UCs based on immune histochemical data and molecular genetic characteristics of tumors, presents a cluster analysis of various types of UCs, recites present-day data on the disease incidence, analyses up-to-date conventional and innovative methods of UC treatment including non-specific and specific immunotherapy, describes the underlying mechanisms preventing tumors to evade immune surveillance, shows the role of immune checkpoints and their inhibitors, target and cytokine therapies, tumor vaccines, cell-based therapies, combined and integral methods of noninvasive and metastatic UC, as well as describes the results of clinical trials when using various methods of tumor treatments

Mesozoic intraplate granitic magmatism in the Altai accretionary orogen, NW China: implications for the orogenic architecture and crustal growth

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the world's largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogen and is the most important site for juvenile crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. In this work, we employed U-Pb zircon geochronology to identify the early and middle Mesozoic intraplate granitic intrusive events in the Chinese Altai segment of the southern CAOB in order to better understand the crustal architecture of the CAOB. We also used whole-rock geochemical, Sr-Nd isotopic and zircon Hf isotopic data to constrain the generation for these granitic rocks and to evaluate the implications for vertical crustal growth in this region. The Early Mesozoic granitic intrusions were emplaced between 220 and 200 Ma in the central Altai “microcontinental terrane” (also widely referred to as Units 2 and 3). The granites have shoshonitic and high-K calc-alkaline affinities and show the characteristics of differentiated I-type granite. The whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7058-0.7128) and εNd(210) values (−0.6 to −4.3), as well as the zircon εHf(t) values (−4.0 to +5.0) and two-stage Hf model ages (0.94-1.52 Ga), suggest that the granitic magmas were produced from a mixed source with both mantle-derived and recycled crustal components. The middle Mesozoic granites were emplaced at ~150 Ma in the southern Altai “accretionary terrane” (Units 4 and 5). They show A-type characteristics with the REE tetrad effect and have positive εNd(151) whole-rock values of +1.0 to +5.2 and two-stage Nd model ages (TDM2) of 0.6 to 1.0 Ga. Zircon Hf data show positive zircon εHf(151) values of +1 to +8 and two-stage Hf model ages of 0.6 to 1.2 Ga. The Nd-Hf isotopic data suggest that the granitic magmas were derived from short-lived juvenile mantle-derived materials. Thus, the isotopic signatures of all the Mesozoic granites from the central (old terrane) and southern (young accretional terrane) Altai suggest that the basement of both terranes has retained its original nature. The data further imply that the Altai orogen has kept its original architecture of Paleozoic horizontal accretion during Mesozoic time, as commonly observed in accretionary orogens where horizontal tectonics are dominant. All the early Mesozoic intrusions in the Altai were emplaced in an intraplate anorogenic setting; hence are distinguished from the contemporaneous syn- or post-orogenic magmatism in the eastern CAOB. We conclude that the early Mesozoic granites in the CAOB were emplaced in a variety of tectonic settings

«AIRES» SHARED RESEARCH FACILITIES (IPGG RAS, St. PETERSBURG): SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT, MAIN RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND RESULTS

The "AIRES" Shared Research Facilities (SRF) is a high-tech laboratory complex based on the Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology RAS (IPGG RAS, St. Petersburg). The Institute conducts geological, mineralogical, geochronological, isotope-geochemical and paleontological studies aimed at solving the problems of the formation and evolution of the Earth's continental crust in the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. The methodological developments of the "AIRES" SRF make it possible to interpret the conditions of occurrence of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and minerals, as well as their age. The ongoing research includes studies on geology, geodynamics, stratigraphy, petrology, lithology, isotope geochemistry, geochronology, as well as paleogeography, archeology, soil science, ecology, and chemistry

ЦЕНТР КОЛЛЕКТИВНОГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ «АИРИЗ» (ИГГД РАН, г. САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ): НАУЧНОЕ ОБОРУДОВАНИЕ, ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

The "AIRES" Shared Research Facilities (SRF) is a high-tech laboratory complex based on the Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology RAS (IPGG RAS, St. Petersburg). The Institute conducts geological, mineralogical, geochronological, isotope-geochemical and paleontological studies aimed at solving the problems of the formation and evolution of the Earth's continental crust in the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. The methodological developments of the "AIRES" SRF make it possible to interpret the conditions of occurrence of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and minerals, as well as their age. The ongoing research includes studies on geology, geodynamics, stratigraphy, petrology, lithology, isotope geochemistry, geochronology, as well as paleogeography, archeology, soil science, ecology, and chemistry.Центр коллективного пользования (ЦКП) «АИРИЗ» – высокотехнологичный лабораторный комплекс на базе Института геологии и геохронологии докембрия РАН (ИГГД РАН, г. Санкт-Петербург), проводящий геологические, минералогические, геохронологические, изотопно-геохимические и палеонтологические исследования, направленные на решение проблем формирования и эволюции континентальной коры Земли в докембрии и фанерозое. Методические разработки ЦКП «АИРИЗ» позволяют расшифровать условия происхождения магматических, метаморфических и осадочных пород и минералов, а также определить их возраст. Выполняемые работы охватывают различные области геологии, геодинамики, стратиграфии, петрологии, литологии, изотопной геохимии, геохронологии, а также палеогеографии, археологии, почвоведения, экологии и химии