Prosocial apathy when helping others is too much effort

Prosocial acts—those that are costly to ourselves but benefit others—are a central component of human coexistence1,2,3. While the financial and moral costs of prosocial behaviours are well understood4,5,6, everyday prosocial acts do not typically come at such costs. Instead, they require effort. Here, using computational modelling of an effort-based task, we show that people are prosocially apathetic. They are less willing to choose to initiate highly effortful acts that benefit others compared with those benefitting themselves. Moreover, even when choosing to initiate effortful prosocial acts, people exhibit superficiality, exerting less force into the actions that benefit others than those that benefit themselves. These findings were replicated, and were present whether the other person was anonymous or not, and when choices were made to earn rewards or avoid losses. Importantly, the least prosocially motivated people had higher subclinical levels of psychopathy and social apathy. Thus, although people sometimes ‘help out’, they are less willing to benefit others and are sometimes ‘superficially prosocial’, which may characterize everyday prosociality and its disruption in social disorders

Prosocial apathy when helping others is too much effort

Prosocial acts—those that are costly to ourselves but benefit others—are a central component of human coexistence1,2,3. While the financial and moral costs of prosocial behaviours are well understood4,5,6, everyday prosocial acts do not typically come at such costs. Instead, they require effort. Here, using computational modelling of an effort-based task, we show that people are prosocially apathetic. They are less willing to choose to initiate highly effortful acts that benefit others compared with those benefitting themselves. Moreover, even when choosing to initiate effortful prosocial acts, people exhibit superficiality, exerting less force into the actions that benefit others than those that benefit themselves. These findings were replicated, and were present whether the other person was anonymous or not, and when choices were made to earn rewards or avoid losses. Importantly, the least prosocially motivated people had higher subclinical levels of psychopathy and social apathy. Thus, although people sometimes ‘help out’, they are less willing to benefit others and are sometimes ‘superficially prosocial’, which may characterize everyday prosociality and its disruption in social disorders

Pros and Cons of Cash: The State of the Debate

This study investigates the benefits and disadvantages of cash in a general context. First, we explicitly address the arguments of cash critics, who are calling for cash to be abolished altogether. Second, we show that cash plays a crucial role in the current two-tier banking system. Third, we are discussing selected benefits of cash, inter alia its use in financial crises and the provision of privacy. We conclude that the abolition of cash would have major drawbacks and could entail undesirable and unintended consequences