A test case generation framework based on UML statechart diagram

Early software fault detection offers more flexibility to correct errors in the early development stages. Unfortunately, existing studies in this domain are not sufficiently comprehensive in describing the major processes of the automated test case generation. Furthermore, the algorithms used for test case generation are not provided or well described. Current studies also hardly address loops and parallel paths issues, and achieved low coverage criteria. Therefore, this study proposes a test case generation framework that generates minimized and prioritized test cases from UML statechart diagram with higher coverage criteria. This study, conducted a review of the previous research to identify the issues and gaps related to test case generation, model-based testing, and coverage criteria. The proposed framework was designed from the gathered information based on the reviews and consists of eight components that represent a comprehensive test case generation processes. They are relation table, relation graph, consistency checking, test path minimization, test path prioritization, path pruning, test path generation, and test case generation. In addition, a prototype to implement the framework was developed. The evaluation of the framework was conducted in three phases: prototyping, comparison with previous studies, and expert review. The results reveal that the most suitable coverage criteria for UML statechart diagram are all-states coverage, all-transitions coverage, alltransition-pairs coverage, and all-loop-free-paths coverage. Furthermore, this study achieves higher coverage criteria in all coverage criteria, except for all-state coverage, when compared with the previous studies. The results of the experts’ review show that the framework is practical, easy to implement due to it is suitability to generate the test cases. The proposed algorithms provide correct results, and the prototype is able to generate test case effectively. Generally, the proposed system is well accepted by experts owing to its usefulness, usability, and accuracy. This study contributes to both theory and practice by providing an early alternative test case generation framework that achieves high coverage and can effectively generate test cases from UML statechart diagrams. This research adds new knowledge to the software testing field, especially for testing processes in the model-based techniques, testing activity, and testing tool support

Automatic Test Case Generation from UML Activity Diagram Using Activity Path

The most important part of the testing attempt is the test case generation. As a modeling language, Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the most generally used to describe design specifications and analysis by both academic and industry. Therefore, UML becomes the sources of Test Case Generation. Test cases are usually generated from the requirement, and UML activity diagram illustrates the sequential control flows of activities what make it possible to generate test cases for activity diagrams. This research proposes an approach to automatically generate test cases directly from UML activity diagram using activity graph. Therefore, this research will create an algorithm and implement it on a prototype using the UML activity diagram as an input to generate the test cases. The result of all these test cases will be compared to the result that has been generated manually to evaluate the usability and reliability of the proposed algorithm

Test Case Generation Model for UML Diagrams

The complexity and size of software have been sequentially increasing, and the scope of testing is expanding. To insure deadline delivery and decrease development test cost, the efficiency of software testing needs to be improved. Several approaches for automated test case generation have been proposed over the last few years. However, models for automated test case generation for unified modeling language (UML) diagrams are still in the early stage of development. UML is the most widely used language to describe software analysis and design. Given that test cases can be efficiently derived from UML models, the generation of test cases from UML diagrams has attracted increasing research attention. However, no model currently exists for mapping the generation procedure. This paper proposes a model for automatic test case generation from UML diagrams

Automatic test case generation from UML state chart diagram: A survey

The need for developing high-quality systems and applications with the minimum faults and error in them has been increased recently.In addition, a question of time and expenses that should be as low as possible always is concerned.Thus, it needs to be updated with the testing techniques that are more structured and automated which are used during the analysis and design phase.The significant role of automated testing techniques is that it helps speeding up the delivery of services of the products to the market with little chances of loss, and increases the software value. If the purpose were to decrease the expenses and getting closer to technology, then testing automation would be a crucial choice.The aim of this survey is to improve the understanding of UML diagram based testing techniques.Test case generation from state chart has been have focused on.Also, classify the various research approaches to their methods. The issues of test coverage associated with these methods have been discussed also

Coverage Criteria for UML State Chart Diagram in Model-based Testing

Software testing is a necessary and essential part of the software quality process and plays a major role in detecting errors in systems. To improve the effectiveness of test case generation during software testing, and with the growing adoption of UML by software developers and researchers, many studies have focused on the automation of test case generation from UML diagrams. One of these diagrams is the UML state chart diagram. These test cases are generally generated to achieve certain coverage criteria. However, combinations of multiple criteria are required to achieve better coverage. Different studies use various number and type of coverage criteria in their methods and approaches. This paper reviews previous studies to present the most practical coverage criteria combinations for UML state chart diagram, including all-states, all-transitions, all-transition-pairs and all-loop-free-paths coverage. A special calculation is necessary to determine the coverage percentage of the proposed coverage criteria. This paper presents a calculation method to achieve this goal with an example is applied to a UML state chart diagram. This finding would be beneficial in the area of automatic test case generating for model-based testing and especially in the UML state chart diagram

Distance measurement for self-driving cars using stereo camera

Self-driving cars reduce human error and can accomplish various missions to help people in different fields.They have become one of the main interests in automotive research and development, both in the industry and academia. However, many challenges are encountered in dealing with distance measurement and cost, both in equipment and technique.The use of stereo camera to measure the distance of an object is convenient and popular for obstacle avoidance and navigation of autonomous vehicles.The calculation of distance considers angular distance, distance between cameras, and the pixel of the image.This study proposes a method that measures object distance based on trigonometry, that is, facing the self-driving car using image processing and stereo vision with high accuracy, low cost, and computational speed.The method achieves a high distance measuring accuracy of up to 20 m. It can be implemented in real time computing systems and can determine the safe driving distance between obstacles

Coverage criteria for UML state chart diagram in model-based testing

Software testing is a necessary and essential part of the software quality process and plays a major role in detecting errors in systems. To improve the effectiveness of test case generation during software testing, and with the growing adoption of UML by software developers and researchers, many studies have focused on the automation of test case generation from UML diagrams. One of these diagrams is the UML state chart diagram. These test cases are generally generated to achieve certain coverage criteria. However, combinations of multiple criteria are required to achieve better coverage. Different studies use various number and type of coverage criteria in their methods and approaches. This paper reviews previous studies to present the most practical coverage criteria combinations for UML state chart diagram, including all-states, all-transitions, all-transition-pairs and all-loop-free-paths coverage. A special calculation is necessary to determine the coverage percentage of the proposed coverage criteria. This paper presents a calculation method to achieve this goal with an example is applied to a UML state chart diagram. This finding would be beneficial in the area of automatic test case generating for model-based testing and especially in the UML state chart diagram

Test case minimization applying firefly algorithm

The objective of this study is to propose a test case minimization method performed on UML statechart to produce test cases that are optimal while considering higher coverage criteria. Current test case generation techniques consume a large amount of time and cost with less testing coverage, while generating large number or test cases, what results in difficulties in detecting the faults and errors in the tested systems. Many approaches on test case minimization use genetic algorithms, model checking, or graph search algorithms to reduce the number of generated test cases, also the using of UML diagrams to test the system requirements and design before implementing it in the coding phase.However, these studies lack concentration in achieving higher coverage criteria and minimization in the generated test cases in the same time. The proposed test case minimization method has the following steps: provide weight to the paths, calculate path coverage for each path, transform an immediate graph into an adjacency matrix, which later is used to apply firefly algorithm and generate optimal test cases. A review on of the previous similar research in this domain has been presented and analysed to identify the issues and gaps in this domain. The steps use to perform the test case minimization have been presented together with some example and formula used. Findings from this study shows that this test case minimization has successful covered more types of test coverage which are all state, all transition, all transition pairs and all-one-loop paths. At the same time, it is capable of minimizing the number of test cases

Studying the effect of reactor design on the electrocoagulation treatment performance of oily wastewater

Several conventional methods are employed to remove numerous pollutants from oily wastewater discharged from oil-field activities. The purpose of this study is to use a new design of an electrocoagulation reactor (ECR) to treat oily wastewater effluents from the Al-Muthanna petroleum plant to minimize a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) to levels suitable for employment. In a continuous ECR, a One-Sided-Finned cathode tube (1SF) made of aluminum was inserted between a pair of aluminum-cylindrical anodes. The effects of the electrolysis period (4–60 min), current density (0.63–5.0 mA/cm2), and flow rate (50–150 ml/min) on Final TDS value were investigated. The increment of flow rate causes the final TDS value to be increased, while the extending of the electrolysis process and the raise in current density reduces it. The final TDS was 1842.54 mg/l (reduce by 307.46 mg/l) at optimum values of 1-h electrolysis, 5 mA/cm2 current density, and 50 ml/min flow rate, with an inner anode consumption of 0.13 g and an outer anode consumption of 0.43 g. Regression models with a p-value of 0.001 and F-value of 27.01 noted that the selected model components were important, and the estimated model is considered prominent. Furthermore, the regression coefficient (R2 = 97.99%) for the final TDS response revealed that the model fit the data well. This study confirmed the ability of the new electrocoagulation reactor to treat petroleum wastewater under significant conditions which overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional designs of electrocoagulation reactors

Investigating the influences of the cathode configuration on the electrocoagulation performance: A comparative study

The treatment of oily wastewater is a critical environmental concern, and electrocoagulation (EC) has emerged as an effective method for reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) from this type of wastewater. This study investigates the effectiveness of continuous electrocoagulation in removing COD from real oily wastewater using a cathode configuration electrode between two tubular anodes coupled in a monopolar-parallel fashion to a DC power source. The research compares the removal efficiency, current efficiency, and operating cost of One-Sided Finned cathode (1SF) made from aluminum and Two-Sided Finned cathode 2SF made from stainless steel. The operating parameters considered are electrolysis time, current density, and flow rate. The results indicate that the elimination effectiveness of chemical oxygen demand (COD) employing 2SF was higher than that achieved with 1SF, with removal efficiencies of 93% and 82%, respectively. The operating cost of the 2SF was slightly higher than the (1SF), at 0.738 ($/m3) and 0.660 ($/m3), respectively. The current efficiency and Ohmic drop (ohm) were also higher for the 2SF than the 1SF. The order of the 1SF and 2SF was first-order, and both configurations were exothermic. The study provides valuable insights for enhancing COD removal via EC process including Two-Sided Finned cathode due to the larger active area provided by the 2SF design then the enhancement of providing huge amount of hydroxide ions required to increase electro-coagulants quantity compared to that provided by using One-Sided Finned cathode