1-Tetra­decyl­pyridinium bromide monohydrate

In the title compound, C19H34N+·Br−·H2O, the dihedral angle between the trans-planar alkyl side chain and the pyridinium ring is 52.73 (7)°. In the crystal structure, O—H⋯Br, C—H⋯Br and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form a network, while the hydro­phobic alkyl chains inter­digitate, forming bilayers

The Synergistic Effect of Concomitant Schistosomiasis, Hookworm, and Trichuris Infections on Children's Anemia Burden

Polyparasitic infections have been recognized as the norm in many tropical developing countries, but the significance of this phenomenon for helminth-associated morbidities is largely unexplored. Earlier studies have suggested that multi-species, low-intensity parasitic infections were associated with higher odds of anemia among school-age children relative to their uninfected counterparts or those with one low-intensity infection. However, specific studies of the nature of interactions between helminth species in the mediation of helminth-associated morbidities are lacking. This study quantifies the extent to which polyparasitic infections have more than the sum of adverse effects associated with individual infections in the context of childhood anemia. This study found that the risk of anemia is amplified beyond the sum of risks for individual infections in children simultaneously exposed to 1) hookworm and schistosomiasis, and 2) hookworm and trichuris, and suggests that combined treatment for some geohelminth species and schistosomiasis could yield greater than additive benefits for the reduction of childhood anemia in helminth-endemic areas. However, more studies to understand the full range of interactions between parasitic species in their joint effects on helminth-associated morbidities will be necessary to better predict the impact of any future public health intervention

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Spin crossover in iron(II) complexes of 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles and 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolates

The iron coordination chemistry of 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles and 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolates is reviewed. This includes both mononuclear and dinuclear complexes, and both iron(II) and iron(III) oxidation states. The main focus is on the synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of these complexes

Two dicobalt(iii) complexes of triazolate-containing [2+2] Schiff-base macrocycles coordinate thiocyanate ions via the sulfur atom

Highly unusual S-coordination modes are observed for the four axial thiocyanate co-ligands in two structurally characterised dicobalt(III) [2+2] triazolate-based macrocyclic complexes

Nano-magnetic materials: spin crossover compounds vs. single molecule magnets vs. single chain magnets

Brief introductions to spin crossover (SCO), single molecule magnetism (SMM) and single chain magnetism (SCM) are provided. Each section is illustrated by selected examples that have contributed significantly to the development of these fields, including recent efforts to produce materials (films, attachment to surfaces etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of each class of magnetically interesting compound are considered, along with the key challenges that remain to be overcome before such compounds can be used commercially as nanocomponents. This invited perspective article is intended to be easily comprehensible to non-specialists in the field

Alkylations ofN4-(4-Pyridyl)-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole: first observation of room-temperature rearrangement of anN4-substituted triazole to the N1 analogue

Attempts to use alkylation to introduce a positive charge at the nitrogen atom of the 4-pyridyl ring in the bis(bidentate) triazole ligand N-4-(4-pyridyl)-3,5-di(2-pyridy1)-1,2,4-triazole (pydpt) were made to ascertain what effect a strongly electron-withdrawing group would have on the magnetic properties of any subsequent iron(II) complexes. Alkylation of pydpt under relatively mild conditions led in some cases to unexpected rearrangement products. Specifically, when benzyl bromide is used as the alkylating agent, and the reaction is carried out in refluxing acetonitrile, the N-4 substituent moves to the NI position. However, when the same reaction is performed in dichloromethane at room temperature, the rearrangement does not occur and the desired product containing an alkylated N4 substituent is obtained. Heating a pure sample of N-4-Bzpydpt center dot 3r to reflux in MeCN resulted in clean conversion to N-1-Bzpydpt center dot Br. This is consistent with AP-Bzpydpf Br being the kinetic product whereas N-1-Bzpydpt.Br is the thermodynamic product. When methyl iodide is used as the alkylating agent, the N-4 to N-1 rearrangement occurs even at room temperature, and at reflux pydpt is doubly alkylated. The observation of the lowest reported temperatures for an N-4 to N-1 rearrangement is due to this particular rearrangement involving nucleophilic aromatic substitution: a possible mechanism for this transformation is suggested

Copper-induced N–N bond cleavage results in an octanuclear expanded-core grid-like complex

Reaction of copper(I) acetate and 4-amino-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (adpt) in methanol under ambient conditions yields octanuclear [CuII8(dpt)4(OH)4(OAc)8]; OAc = acetate anion, and dpt? = anion of deaminated adpt, 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolate. However, reaction of copper(II) acetate with dptH gives tetranuclear [CuII4(dpt)2(OH)(OMe)(OAc)4]

Spin crossover in co-crystallised 2 ? 1 cis?trans [FeII(pldpt)2(NCS)2] occurs only in ? of the iron centres

The first spin crossover (SCO) active sample of co-crystallised stereoisomers (cis : trans, 2 : 1) is fully high spin (HS) at room temperature but displays temperature mediated SCO in which only a third of the iron(II) centres change spin state

Improved Access to 1,8-Diformyl-carbazoles Leads to Metal-Free Carbazole-Based [2 + 2] Schiff Base Macrocycles with Strong Turn-On Fluorescence Sensing of Zinc(II) Ions

Development of a new and high yielding synthetic route to 1,8-diformyl-carbazoles <b>3</b> (<b>3a</b> 3,6-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl substituted; <b>3b</b> 3,6-unsubstituted) is reported. Use of a Heck coupling reaction, followed by ozonolysis, has greatly facilitated the preparation of these interesting head units in useful quantities. An initial foray into the new generations of Schiff base macrocycles that ready access to these head units (<b>3</b>) opens up, has led to the direct (i.e., metal-free) synthesis of two [2 + 2] macrocycles from <b>3a</b> or <b>3b</b> with 1,2-diaminoethane, H₂<b>L</b>^<b>tBu</b> (<b>4a</b>) and H₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b> (<b>4b</b>), respectively, obtained as yellow powders in high yields (87–88%). The dizinc complex [Zn₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b>(OAc)₂] (<b>5b</b>) was isolated as a bright yellow solid in 83% yield, by 1:2:2 reaction of H₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b> with zinc­(II) acetate and triethylamine. Aldehydes <b>3a</b> and <b>3b</b>, macrocycle H₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b>, and complex [Zn₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b>(OAc)₂] (<b>5b</b>) have been structurally characterized. The carbazole NH makes bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the pair of flanking 1,8-diformyl-moieties in <b>3</b>, or 1,8-diimine-moieties in H₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b>, leading to a flat, all-<i>cis</i> conformation. The stepped conformation of the metal-free macrocycle H₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b> is retained in [Zn₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b>(OAc)₂], despite deprotonation and binding of two zinc­(II) centers within the two tridentate pockets. The N₃O₂ coordination of the zinc ions is completed by one μ_1,1- and one μ_1,3- bridging acetate anion. Excitation of nanomolar [Zn₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b>(OAc)₂] in DMF at 335 nm results in clearly visible blue fluorescence (λ_max = 460 nm). Further studies on the H₂<b>L</b>^<b>H</b> macrocycle revealed turn-on fluorescence, with selectivity (over Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and a range of 3d dications) and nanomolar sensitivity for zinc­(II) ions, highlighting one of the many potential applications for these new carbazole-based Schiff base macrocycles