Wind fluctuations affect the mean behaviour of naturally ventilated systems

We study the dynamics of a naturally ventilated room in which a point source provides a steady source of buoyancy and which is affected by an opposing unsteady wind. The wind is modelled as a stochastic forcing, which aims at simulating realistic velocity fluctuations as observed in the lower atmosphere. Our main finding is the occurrence of a "noise-induced transition", namely a structural change of the mean behaviour of the system: the warm-cold air interface does not fluctuate around the elevation exhibited when wind is constant, but oscillations occur around a new (significantly lower) interface elevation. We provide the physical explanation for such a counter-intuitive behaviour and show its dependence on (i) wind characteristics (intensity and timescale of fluctuations) and (ii) relative strength of wind over thermal loads. A realistic example case shows that the behaviour highlighted here has potentially major implications in the design and management of naturally ventilated buildings

Turbulent transport and entrainment in jets and plumes: A DNS study

We present a new DNS data set for a statistically axisymmetric turbulent jet, plume and forced plume in a domain of size 40r$_{0}$ x 40r$_{0}$ x 60r$_{0}$, where r$_{0}$ is the source diameter. The data set supports the validity of the Priestley and Ball entrainment model in unstratified environments (excluding the region near the source), which is corroborated further by the Wang and Law and Ezzamel et al. experimental data sets, the latter being corrected for a small but influential co-flow that affected the statistics. We show that the second-order turbulence statistics in the core region of the jet and the plume are practically indistinguishable, although there are significant differences near the plume edge. The DNS data indicates that the turbulent Prandtl number is about 0.7 for both jets and plumes. For plumes, this value is a result of the difference in the ratio of the radial turbulent transport of radial momentum and buoyancy. For jets however, the value originates from a different spread of the buoyancy and velocity profiles, in spite of the fact that the ratio of radial turbulent transport terms is approximately unity. The DNS data does not show any evidence of similarity drift associated with gradual variations in the ratio of buoyancy profile to velocity profile widths

Experimental investigation of vertical turbulent transport of a passive scalar in a boundary layer: Statistics and visibility graph analysis

The dynamics of a passive scalar plume in a turbulent boundary layer is experimentally investigated via vertical turbulent transport time-series. Data are acquired in a rough-wall turbulent boundary layer that develops in a recirculating wind tunnel set-up. Two source sizes in an elevated position are considered in order to investigate the influence of the emission conditions on the plume dynamics. The analysis is focused on the effects of the meandering motion and the relative dispersion. First, classical statistics are investigated. We found that (in accordance with previous studies) the meandering motion is the main responsible for differences in the variance and intermittency, as well as the kurtosis and power spectral density, between the two source sizes. On the contrary, the mean and the skewness are slightly affected by the emission conditions. To characterize the temporal structure of the turbulent transport series, the visibility algorithm is exploited to carry out a complex network-based analysis. Two network metrics -- the average peak occurrence and the assortativity coefficient -- are analysed, as they can capture the temporal occurrence of extreme events and their relative intensity in the series. The effects of the meandering motion and the relative dispersion of the plume are discussed in the view of the network metrics, revealing that a stronger meandering motion is associated with higher values of both the average peak occurrence and the assortativity coefficient. The network-based analysis advances the level of information of classical statistics, by characterizing the impact of the emission conditions on the temporal structure of the signals in terms of extreme events and their relative intensity. In this way, complex networks provide -- through the evaluation of network metrics -- an effective tool for time-series analysis of experimental data

A combined citizen science-modelling approach for NO2 assessment in Torino urban agglomeration

The #CHEARIATIRA citizen science campaign was developed in February 2019 in Torino (western part of the Po Valley megacity region). The aim of the campaign was public engagement with measuringNO2 concentrations in an urban area that often exceeds air quality standards. NO2 diffusion tubes were employed by citizens under our supervision. In this paper, we present the main outcomes of a combined approach between the #CHEARIATIRA campaign and the urban dispersion model SIRANE. The results were validated against the available public Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS). The citizens' passive samplers and the modelled data show a good response in central districts both during the campaign interval and by annual projection. Traffic hotspots and sensitive receptors (schools, hospital) have high concentrations of NO2. Most of the study area (83% of the tubes) is subject to an increased risk of premature death according to epidemiological literature

Measurements and scaling of buoyancy-induced flows in ventilated tunnels

We investigate the ventilation conditions required to control the propagation of smoke, produced by a tunnel fire, in the presence of two inertial forcings: a transverse extraction system and a longitudinal flow. For that purpose, we performed a series of experiments in a reduced-scale tunnel, using a mixture of air and helium to simulate the release of hot smoke during a fire. Experiments were designed to focus on the ventilation flows that allow the buoyant release to be confined between two adjacent extraction vents. Different source conditions, in terms of density and velocity of the buoyant release, were analysed along with different vent configurations. Experiments allowed us to quantify the increase of the extraction velocity needed to confine the buoyant smoke, overcoming the effect of an imposed longitudinal velocity. Vents with a rectangular shape, and spanning over the whole tunnel width, provide the best performance. Finally, we studied the stratification conditions of the flow, individuating four regimes. Interestingly, when the stratification conditions fade out, as both the longitudinal flow and vertical extraction flows increase, the flow dynamics becomes almost independent of the forcing induced by the presence of buoyant smoke, which eventually acts as a passive scalar transported by the flow

Urban air quality and meteorology on opposite sides of the Alps: The Lyon and Torino case studies

Several European urban areas are characterised by low air quality due to high local emission per unit surface. A further key feature can be related to the pollutant load due to adverse local meteo-climatic conditions. This study aims to compare the two urban agglomerations of Torino and Lyon – located on opposite sides of the Alps and characterised by similar size and population – to enlighten the role of meteorology on local pollutant dispersion. The assessment of air quality has been developed by monitoring network data, emissions analysis and the SIRANE urban dispersion model. Although the two agglomerations have similar NOX and PM10 emissions, the simulation results show higher ground level concentrations in Torino. To quantify the effect of meteorology on this excess of concentrations, we run simulations in Torino imposing the meteorological conditions of Lyon and vice versa. This implies an overall reduction of ground level concentrations in the city centre of Torino between 20% and 40% (analogously, Lyon concentrations increase by a similar amount). These results show the peculiar difficulties faced by Po valley's cities in maintaining pollution levels below regulatory thresholds and highlight the need of systemic policies and site-specific mitigation to reduce air pollution health risks

Gravitational Instantons from Gauge Theory

A gauge theory can be formulated on a noncommutative (NC) spacetime. This NC gauge theory has an equivalent dual description through the so-called Seiberg-Witten (SW) map in terms of an ordinary gauge theory on a commutative spacetime. We show that all NC U(1) instantons of Nekrasov-Schwarz type are mapped to ALE gravitational instantons by the exact SW map and that the NC gauge theory of U(1) instantons is equivalent to the theory of hyper-Kaehler geometries. It implies the remarkable consequence that ALE gravitational instantons can emerge from local condensates of purely NC photons.Comment: 4 pages with two columns; comments and references added, to appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Characterization of odorous emissions from a civil wastewater treatment plant in Italy

The characterization and reduction of odour emissions represents an open debate among the scientific community. Odour nuisances are connected to a large number of substances, mostly detectable at low concentrations. Direct estimation of odour impacts through olfactometry is not always applicable, as this approach requires air sampling and a pool of trained panellists. Measuring the concentration of odorous substances provides support to the characterization of emission sources and the design of odour monitoring systems. Civil wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known sources of odours. The objective of this project is the design and development of an integrated odour emission monitoring system at the Castiglione Torinese WWTP in Italy. In this paper, the preliminary characterization of the emission sources and the odour emitting components are presented. The characterization of the emission sources and tracers was obtained by mean of a number of site inspections and measurement campaigns held between 2017 and 2019. In the last campaign, held in January 2019, chemical odour tracers (H2S, NH3, VOC) and dynamic olfactometry measurements were performed simultaneously. The screening of VOC species through gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer analysis of air samples was also performed. Odour emitting components were ranked in terms of odour activity value (OAV). Results show that VOC is the only group of compounds that is always detectable on the site. NH3 and H2S may, in some cases, be present at considerable concentrations. Results of OAV calculations show that a number of VOCs are detected on the site with a high spatial and temporal frequency. Additional considerations are reported on the site-specific correlation between chemical species and odour measurements. This detailed characterization of the emission sources and tracers results in the design of the final integrated monitoring system, which will be based on continuous measurement of H2S, NH3 and VOC and advanced dispersion modelling