Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Room Temperature Deposition of Crystalline Nanoporous ZnO Nanostructures for Direct Use as Flexible DSSC Photoanode

J–V curves for four different ZnO electrodes with different dye and solution combination in 2 h sensitizing time. Figure S2. (a) J–V curves of DSSCs fabricated with nanostructured ZnO photoanodes as a function of dye adsorption time at 50 °C (all films were deposited under 300 mTorr and the thicknesses of all films were fixed to be 6.7 μm) and (b) as function of sample aging after fabrication. Table S1. Device parameters of dye-sensitized ZnO nanostructured photoanodes under simulated AM 1.5 G light illumination (a) as a function of dye adsorption time at 50 °C (the thicknesses of the films were fixed to be 6.7 μm) and (b) as function of sample aging after fabrication. Table S2. Dye loading of DSSCs fabricated with nanostructured ZnO photoanodes deposited under different ambient oxygen pressures. The thickness of the photoanodes was fixed to be 10 μm. Table S3. Statistical analysis of device parameters for five different DSSCs fabricated with nanostructured ZnO photoanodes deposited by PLD using the optimized condition. Figure S3. J–V curves of five different DSSCs fabricated with nanostructured ZnO photoanodes deposited by PLD using the optimized condition. Figure S4. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum of a DSSC with a nanostructured ZnO photoanode deposited under 300 mTorr by PLD. Figure S5. J–V curves of 300 mTorr 5-μm ZnO photoanodes deposited by PLD using PLD coupled with Pt/ITO/PEN flexible substrate. (DOCX 226 kb

Indium–Tin–Oxide Nanowire Array Based CdSe/CdS/TiO₂ One-Dimensional Heterojunction Photoelectrode for Enhanced Solar Hydrogen Production

For photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production, low charge transport efficiency of a photoelectrode is one of the key factors that largely limit PEC performance enhancement. Here, we report a tin-doped indium oxide (In₂O₃:Sn, ITO) nanowire array (NWs) based CdSe/CdS/TiO₂ multishelled heterojunction photoelectrode. This multishelled one-dimensional (1D) heterojunction photoelectrode shows superior charge transport efficiency due to the negligible carrier recombination in ITO NWs, leading to a greatly improved photocurrent density (∼16.2 mA/cm² at 1.0 V vs RHE). The ITO NWs with an average thickness of ∼12 μm are first grown on commercial ITO/glass substrate by a vapor–liquid–solid method. Subsequently, the TiO₂ and CdSe/CdS shell layers are deposited by an atomic layer deposition (ALD) and a chemical bath deposition method, respectively. The resultant CdSe/CdS/TiO₂/ITO NWs photoelectrode, compared to a planar structure with the same configuration, shows improved light absorption and much faster charge transport properties. More importantly, even though the CdSe/CdS/TiO₂/ITO NWs photoelectrode has lower CdSe/CdS loading (i.e., due to its lower surface area) than the mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticle based photoelectrode, it shows 2.4 times higher saturation photocurrent density, which is attributed to the superior charge transport and better light absorption by the 1D ITO NWs

Table1_Magnetic resonance imaging based kidney volume assessment for risk stratification in pediatric autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.xlsx

IntroductionIn the pediatric context, most children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) maintain a normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite underlying structural kidney damage, highlighting the critical need for early intervention and predictive markers. Due to the inverse relationship between kidney volume and kidney function, risk assessments have been presented on the basis of kidney volume. The aim of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based kidney volume assessment for risk stratification in pediatric ADPKD and to investigate clinical and genetic differences among risk groups.MethodsThis multicenter, cross-sectional, and case-control study included 75 genetically confirmed pediatric ADPKD patients (5–18 years) and 27 controls. Kidney function was assessed by eGFR calculated from serum creatinine and cystatin C using the CKiD-U25 equation. Blood pressure was assessed by both office and 24-hour ambulatory measurements. Kidney volume was calculated from MRI using the stereological method. Total kidney volume was adjusted for the height (htTKV). Patients were stratified from A to E classes according to the Leuven Imaging Classification (LIC) using MRI-derived htTKV.ResultsMedian (Q1-Q3) age of the patients was 6.0 (2.0–10.0) years, 56% were male. There were no differences in sex, age, height-SDS, or GFR between the patient and control groups. Of the patients, 89% had PKD1 and 11% had PKD2 mutations. Non-missense mutations were 73% in PKD1 and 75% in PKD2. Twenty patients (27%) had hypertension based on ABPM. Median htTKV of the patients was significantly higher than controls (141 vs. 117 ml/m, p = 0.0003). LIC stratification revealed Classes A (38.7%), B (28%), C (24%), and D + E (9.3%). All children in class D + E and 94% in class C had PKD1 variants. Class D + E patients had significantly higher blood pressure values and hypertension compared to other classes (p > 0.05 for all).DiscussionThis study distinguishes itself by using MRI-based measurements of kidney volume to stratify pediatric ADPKD patients into specific risk groups. It is important to note that PKD1 mutation and elevated blood pressure were higher in the high-risk groups stratified by age and kidney volume. Our results need to be confirmed in further studies.</p