Participant characteristics.

<p>Participant characteristics.</p

HIV entry into various blood CD4+ T cell subsets.

<p>HIV entry into various blood CD4+ T cell subsets.</p

Identification of cervical DC subsets from (ecto) cervical explant cultures.

<p>(A) Plots showing the exclusion of dead cells (VIVID⁺), doublets, neutrophils/epithelial cells (CD66a/c/e⁺) and monocytes (CD66a/c/e⁻ CD14⁺). (B) Dendritic cell subsets were identified as mDCs (CD66a/c/e⁻ CD14⁻ CD11c⁺); pDCs (CD66a/c/e⁻ CD14⁻ CD11c⁻ CD123⁺); and LCs (CD66a/c/e⁻ CD14⁻ CD11c⁻ CD123⁻ CD1a⁺); and frequencies of cervical tissue migrating DCs determined, following different stimulation conditions. (C) Histogram showing up-regulation of HLA-DR expression by cervical explant migrating mDCs. Activation of pDCs and LCs was determined in a similar way as mDCs and Median Fluorescent Intensities (MFI) calculated.</p

Patient characteristics showing differences between HIV infected and uninfected participants.

<p>Patient characteristics showing differences between HIV infected and uninfected participants.</p

Influence of HIV infection on dendritic cell migration and activation in ectocervical explants.

<p>DC migration and activation was compared between HIV-infected (n = 6) and uninfected participants (n = 8). Ectocervical explants from HIV-infected and uninfected participants were stimulated for 24 hours with Medium, cytokines or TLR agonists. Migration and activation of DCs was evaluated and compared between the two groups of participants for the three DC subsets and stimulation conditions. Data presented as Box and Whisker plots of fold migration above background (medium alone). Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analyses. * P-values <0.05</p

Dendritic cell migration and activation from ectocervical and endocervical tissue explants.

<p>Cervical explants were exposed to cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and MIP-1β) or TLR agonists (LPS, R848, or PAM3) for 24 hours. Frequencies of DCs that had migrated out of the tissue blocks into collected culture medium, and their activation status was measured in tissue from (A) the ectocervix, and (B) the endocervix. Migration index indicates the ratio of stimulated to unstimulated DC frequencies. Activation index indicates the ratio of stimulated to unstimulated DC HLA-DR MFI. Data is presented as median with interquartile range fold induction or migration above background (medium). Each experiment was performed once and different samples were processed and stimulated for the different conditions: Medium (n = 14), cytokines (n = 14), LPS (n = 14), PAM3 (n = 14) and R848 (n = 14) for ectocervical explants; and Medium (n = 17), cytokines (n = 16), LPS (n = 17), PAM3 (n = 16) and R848 (n = 16) for endocervical explants. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used for statistical analyses. * P-values <0.05.</p

Potential demand-side and health system innovations to control paediatric HIV.

<p>Potential demand-side and health system innovations to control paediatric HIV.</p

Innovations for scaling up care and keeping people on treatment.

<p>Innovations for scaling up care and keeping people on treatment.</p

Challenges in keeping HIV-positive pregnant women in care [69].

<p>Challenges in keeping HIV-positive pregnant women in care [<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002372#pbio.1002372.ref069" target="_blank">69</a>].</p

The spectrum of biomedical innovation required to end AIDS.

<p>Image credit: Glenda Gray.</p