Complicated to operate case of appendicitis: A rare incident

Introduction: Appendicitis is an appendix inflammation that’s severe. It affects people of all ages but is most common between the ages of 10 to 30, and both men and women are afflicted equally. Appendicitis is substantially less common in developing nations, particularly regions of Africa, and among lower socioeconomic levels. Clinical Findings: Pain in the right iliac fossa, nausea, vomiting. Diagnostic Evaluation: Blood test: Hb-14.5 gm%, Total RBC count-4.5 millions/cu mm, Total WBC count-8000/cu mm, Total Platelet count-2.5 lac/cu mm, Albumin-4.1 gm%, Bilirubin (conjugated)-0.4 gm%, Bilirubin(unconjugated)-1.1 gm%. On a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, an abnormal appendix (diameter >6 mm) was discovered, or a calcified appendices eolith was discovered in conjunction with peri appendiceal inflammation and fat stranding. Therapeutic Intervention: Inj. Amoxicillin 500 mg x OD, Tab. Emset 4mg x TDS, Inj. Tramadol 100 mg x TDS, Tab. Limcee 500 mg x OD, Tab. Pantoprazole 40 mg x OD. Outcome: After treatment, the patient’s condition improved. His pain is relieved, and now the patient is good. Conclusion: My patient was admitted with the complaint of pain in the right iliac fossa, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis confirmed the case of Appendicitis. After getting the proper treatment, the patient’s condition got improved

Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature

In female mammals, the development and regulation of the reproductive system and non-reproductive system are significantly influenced by estrogens (oestrogens). In addition, lipid metabolism is another physiological role of estrogens. Estrogens act through different types of receptors to introduce signals to the target cell by affecting many estrogen response elements. Breast cancer is considered mostly a hormone-dependent disease. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors, and they are a good marker for cancer prognosis. This review will discuss estrogen metabolism and the interaction of estrogen metabolites with breast cancer. The carcinogenic role of estrogen is discussed in light of both conventional and atypical cancers susceptible to hormones, such as prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer, as we examine how estrogen contributes to the formation and activation of breast cancer. In addition, this review will discuss other factors that can be associated with estrogen-driven breast cancer

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Among Tuberculosis Patients in Muscat, Oman, 2017–2020

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) are global public health concerns and leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Coinfection is known to complicate TB control and outcomes. However, there is no national study regarding the prevalence of DM among TB patients in Oman. The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of DM and its associated factors among TB patients in Muscat, Oman. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study using secondary data from the electronic system of the Ministry of Health (Al-Shifa 3+). It includes all adult TB patients in Muscat, from 2017–2020. Sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities of TB patients were collected. SPSS with 95% CI and p-value ≤ 0.05 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of 426 TB cases, the prevalence of DM was 27.0%. The associated factors of DM were age group 40–54 years (odds ratio (OR) = 9.08, 95% CI: 4.16–19.84) and ≥ 55 years (OR = 11.35, 95% CI: 5.19–24.82), male (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.45–3.81), being married (OR = 13.18, 95% CI: 4.72–36.84), being employed (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.19–4.47), and Bangladeshi (OR = 7.08, 95% CI: 2.50–20.12) or Indian (OR = 6.14, 95% CI: 2.40–15.70) nationality. The absence of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin scar (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.19–3.56), death (OR = 7.08, 95% CI: 1.26–7.82), and cured after TB treatment (OR = 3.02, 95% CI 1.71–5.31) showed significant association. Also, smoking (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.81–4.76), drinking alcohol (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.10–2.91), hypertension (OR = 10.45, 95% CI: 5.29–20.64), heart disease (OR = 8.50, 95% CI: 1.69–42.77), and renal disease (OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 1.71–13.64) contributed to the study’s comorbidities. Old age (adjusted OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.72–3.06) and hypertension (adjusted OR = 5.21, 95% CI: 2.28–11.87) were found to be predictors of DM among TB patients. Conclusions: The prevalence of DM among TB patients in Muscat is high. Integrated systematic bidirectional TB-DM screening is needed. Furthermore, special attention is required for associated factors when managing these comorbidities

Highly active bifunctional LaMO3 (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) perovskites for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media

Lanthanum based electrocatalytically active perovskites, LaMO3 (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni), were synthesized using a single step solution combustion synthesis technique. The perovskites showed exceptional performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline medium. Based on the experimental results and literature survey, it is suggested that the exceptional activity of Mn and Co based lanthanum perovskite catalyst could be due to the optimum stabilization of reaction intermediates involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of ORR/OER. According to crystal field theory (CFT), the d-orbital of transition metals are affected by the octahedral arrangement of six negative charges around it. The d orbital degenerates by splitting into two high energy (eg) and three lower energy orbitals (t2g) while maintaining the same average energy level [1]. The rate-determining step in the ORR/OER reaction that based on the eg orbital filling of B site transition metal cations If the d-electrons are less, the valence state goes up and lowering the eg orbital filling that results in strong adsorption of oxygenated species on the B site (strong B-OH bond) [2]. This strong bonding limits the overall reaction rate by the slow desorption of OH and its derivatives during ORR/OER. Similarly, too high eg filling causes weak adsorption of oxygenated species that limits the reaction through the slow adsorption of reactants. Therefore, to enhance the activity of ORR/OER reaction it is required to balance the adsorption and desorption of the reactants and the intermediate respectively. The better way is to optimize the eg orbital filling to be nearly 1 (eg = 1).Based on the experimental results and literature survey, it is suggested that the exceptional activity of Mn and Co based lanthanum perovskite catalyst could be due to the optimum stabilization of reaction intermediates involved in the rate-determining step (RDS) of ORR and OER [3]