Kuchunguza dhima za semi zilizoandikwa kwenye mikoba Kisiwani Pemba

Kazi hii ilihusika na mada inayohusiana na dhima za semi zilizoandikwa kwenye mikoba katika jamii ya Kipemba.Imechunguza semi zilizoandikwa kweye mikoba kisiwani Pemba zinawafunza nini wapemba. Yaani zinawasilisha ujumbe wa aina ipi kwao,ili kufikia lengo kuu la utafiti huu lililokusudiwa.Mbinu mbali mbali za utafiti zilitumika,mbinu hizo ni pamoja na hojaji,mahojiano pamoja na uchunguzi makini.Sampuli lengwa na sampuli eneo zilitumika,kuchagua watoa taarifa kwa vigezo vya kazi yangu yaani viwanda vya kuchapishia mikoba.Nadharia mbili za utafiti huu zilitumika nadharia ya Mwitiko wa Msomaji na Sosholojia. Kwa upande wa matokeo mtafiti amegundua kwamba semi zilizoandikwa kwenye mikoba zimejigawa katika maudhui mbalimbali kama vile maudhui ya kimapenzi, subra na uvumulivu,mila na tamaduni za jamii,dua na maombi kutoka kwa Mungu, fitna na majungu,umbea na udaku,pamoja na uchumi na uzalishaji mali. Kwenye lengo la pili mtafiti alichambua dhima za kila kipengele miongoni mwa vipengele alivovibainisha na hatimae kwenye lengo la tatu aliangazia mbinu za kisanaa na akagundua mbinu mbalimbali za kisanaa zilizojitokeza katika semi zake. Utafiti unaendeleza mbele hatua za utafiti lugha ya Kiswahili na lahaja zake ambapo kazi hii inatoa mawazo ya awali katika kuelezea dhima za semi zilizoandikwa kwenye mikoba kisiwani Pemba

PROGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER IN VERY YOUNG AGE (LESS THAN 30 YEARS)

Purpose: Breast cancer diagnosed at a younger age has aggressive biology being triple negative and high grade and is associated with poor prognosis.Materials and Methods: Retrospectively data of 121 patients age 30 years or younger registered during the year 2008 were reviewed. Data were extracted from the cancer registry department of the institute. Demographics studied were the age at diagnosis, gender, pregnancy or lactation association, family history of breast cancer, histopathological diagnosis, and stage of the disease, receptors, type of treatment, response, local recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. Results: A total of 121 patients with age 30 years or less were included. An only a single patient was male. The age range was from 20 to 30 years; bilateral involvement was seen in a single patient. Almost half 50.4% (n = 61) patients had locally advanced disease at presentation. Pregnancy/lactation-associated breast cancer was seen in 29.8% (n = 36). The most common stage was Stage III (52.1%) and Stage II (33.9%). Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common histology 94.2% (n = 114) of patients; triple negative was the most common molecular subtype present in 46.3% (n = 56). Chemotherapy was received by 92.6% (n = 112), 88.4% (n = 107) patients received radiation therapy. Modi ed radical mastectomy was performed in 57% (n = 69), breast conservation surgery in 35.5% (n = 43), follow- up period was 5 years, local recurrence was observed in 12.4% (n = 15) and cancer related deaths were 42.1% (n = 51). Conclusions: Breast cancer in very young has very aggressive tumour biology, needs aggressive treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormonal therapy. Key words: Breast cancer, pregnancy-associated aggressive tumour biology, triplenegative, young

Phasing out the general nursing diploma programme at Aga khan university school of nursing Karachi, Pakistan

Aga Khan University was established as medical complex in 1980 and in 1983 received charter as first private university in Pakistan. Thus nursing education moved under the umbrella of a university which allowed starting under graduate and graduate degree education and in light of global trends in nursing profession and staffing and financial impact of nursing education, 2010 was the last intake of university\u27s founding programme; general nursing diploma. Concerns; male vs female nurses and taking nursing education as an easy route to enter in higher education resulting in unattained staffing require deliberations by stake holder including Pakistan Nursing Council

0036 : Predictive value of clinical and electrocardiographic features in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

BackgroundAcute coronary lesions are known to be the most common trigger of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). But the diagnosis of acute coronary artery disease in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is difficult. The aim of the present study was to assess the predictive value clinical and electrpcardiographic features in diagnosing the presence of acute coronary lesions among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.MethodsClinical and electrocardiographic data collected before coronary angiography were analyzed to determine whether they could be used to predict the presence of recent coronary – artery occlusion on angiography.Results54 patients underwent coronarography angiography after OHCA; 42% of patients had ST-segment elevation and 57% of patients had other ECG patterns on post-restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) ECG. Acute coronary lesions was found in 66% of patients; Significant coronary artery disease was observed in 83% of patients with ST-segment elevation and in 55% of patients with other ECG patterns on post-ROSC ECG (p = 0.03).Significant coronary artery disease was observed in 100% of patients with chest pain before the arrest and in 55% of patients without chest pain (p=0.02). Chest pain has a good positive predictive value but a low negative predictive value in diagnosing the presence of acute or presumed recent coronary artery lesions (100% and 45%, respectively).ConclusionST-segment elevation and chest pain before arrest after OHCA should not be considered as strict selection criteria for performing emergent coronary angiography in patients resuscitated from OHCA; even in the absence of ST-segment elevation on post- return of spontaneous circulation ECG, acute culprit coronary lesions may be present and considered the trigger of cardiac arrest

Mucinous carcinoma of breast: A rare tumour with favorable prognosis - 10 years experience from a single center

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the biological behaviour of mucinous breast carcinoma (MBC) regarding their clinical presentations, pathological features, prognosis and survival.Methodology: We conducted this retrospective study from 2006 to 2015 (10-year duration) and included all the patients who presented with mucinous carcinoma of the breast at any age. We excluded all the patients who presented with invasive ductal carcinoma or other rare breast tumours. Each patient with mucinous carcinoma breast was categorised in terms of diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy and outcome. For categorical variables, Chi-square test was used. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to determine estimated overall survival. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS 20.Results: In total, 8841 patients with breast carcinoma presented during the study period. Of these, 74 patients were diagnosed as cases of MBC, constituting <1%. Family history of breast carcinoma was positive in 20% of patients. Most of the women were postmenopausal (66.2%) falling in BIRADS Category 4 and 5 (32.4% each). Considering laterality tumours had almost equal distribution between the right and left side. Breast-conserving surgery was performed in 47.3% of women as compare to modified radicle mastectomy in 52.7% of women. Most of the patients had pathological T2 (51.4%), N0 (81.1%) and moderately differentiated (69%) mucinous carcinoma. ER was positive in 85% of patients, PR in 80% and H2N in 74.6% of patients. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given to 20 patients (27%) and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was given to 51 patients (69%). Metastasis occurred in 12 (16.2%) of our patients while 62 (83.8%) were metastasis free on long-term follow-up, with bones being the most common site of metastasis, occurring in 6 patients (8.1%) followed by lungs, occurring in 4 patients (5.4%). A total of 32 (43.2%) patients are alive, and on regular follow-up, 3 (4.1%) died during the course of follow-up and 39 (52.7%) are lost to follow-up with a median survival of 60 months and an overall 5-year survival rate of >95%.Conclusion: Mucinous carcinoma is a rare breast carcinoma with a good prognosis.Key words: Breast cancer, mucinous carcinoma, prognosi

Sleep Habits of Elementary and Middle School Children in South Texas

Background. Sleep difficulties, including insufficient sleep and inadequate sleep hygiene, have been prevalent among children. Sleep deprivation can lead to poor grades, sleepiness, and moodiness. We undertook this study to assess the prevalence of sleep abnormalities among elementary and middle school students in South Texas and how the groups compare with one another. Method. After approval from the appropriate school district for a sleep education program, a baseline survey was taken of elementary and middle school students, using the Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire-Sleep Self-Report Form, which assessed the domains of bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep anxiety, sleep duration, night awakening, and daytime sleepiness. Results. The survey was completed by 499 elementary and 1008 middle school children. Trouble sleeping was reported by 43% in elementary school, compared with 29% of middle school children. Fifty percent of middle school children did not like sleeping, compared with 26% in elementary school. Bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, and nighttime awakening were more common among elementary school students. Daytime sleepiness was more common among the middle school children when compared to elementary school children. Conclusions. Sleep abnormalities are present in elementary school children with changes in sleep habits into middle school

A phase I trial to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of low-dose methotrexate as an anti-malarial drug in Kenyan adult healthy volunteers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Previous investigations indicate that methotrexate, an old anticancer drug, could be used at low doses to treat malaria. A phase I evaluation was conducted to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of this drug in healthy adult male Kenyan volunteers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty five healthy adult volunteers were recruited and admitted to receive a 5 mg dose of methotrexate/day/5 days. Pharmacokinetics blood sampling was carried out at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours following each dose. Nausea, vomiting, oral ulcers and other adverse events were solicited during follow up of 42 days.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean age of participants was 23.9 ± 3.3 years. Adherence to protocol was 100%. No grade 3 solicited adverse events were observed. However, one case of transiently elevated liver enzymes, and one serious adverse event (not related to the product) were reported. The maximum concentration (C_max) was 160-200 nM and after 6 hours, the effective concentration (C_eff) was <150 nM.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Low-dose methotraxate had an acceptable safety profile. However, methotrexate blood levels did not reach the desirable C_effof 250-400-nM required to clear malaria infection <it>in vivo</it>. Further dose finding and safety studies are necessary to confirm suitability of this drug as an anti-malarial agent.</p

Physics Potential of the ICAL detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.Comment: 139 pages, Physics White Paper of the ICAL (INO) Collaboration, Contents identical with the version published in Pramana - J. Physic