Anatomical and Histological Study of Glands in Uterine cervix of Black Goat (Capra hircus)

The purpose of this study was to look for morphological and histological effects of the glands in the uterine cervix uteri of indigenous goat as well as study the evidenced by light microscopy. Simple tubular, branched glands were observed in the cervix uteri of the indigenous goats. It was concluded that the cervical mucus in the goat was produced by the cervical glands in addition to the surface epithelium of cervical mucosal lining. Finally, results obtained from these studies may suggest the suitability of uterine cervix glands for produced the cervical mucus in black goat tissues. Key words: Black goat, glands, anatomical, histologica

Wild food trees in Eastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan: Use diversity and threatening factors

This study was conducted in 2010 in Eastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan to investigate ethnobotanical food and non-food uses of 16 wild edible fruit producing trees. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected from 105 individuals distributed in 7 villages using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also gathering of data was done using a number of rapid rural appraisal techniques, including key informant interviews, group discussion, secondary data sources and direct observations. Data was analysed using fidelity level and informant consensus factor methods to reveal the cultural importance of species and use category. Utilizations for timber products were found of most community importance than food usages, especially during cultivated food abundance. Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarindus indica fruits were asserted as most preferable over the others and of high marketability in most of the study sites. Harvesting for timber-based utilizations in addition to agricultural expansion and overgrazing were the principal threats to wild edible food producing trees in the area. The on and off prevailing armed conflict in the area make it crucial to conserve  wild food trees which usually play a more significant role in securing food supply during emergency times, especially in times of famine and wars. Increasing the awareness of population on importance of wild food trees and securing alternative income sources, other than wood products, is necessary in any rural development programme aiming at securing food and sustaining its resources in the area

The Development Of A National Integrated Data System For Malaysia: A Proposal For A Pilot Study

After two decades of development experience that can be regarded by most standards to be extremely successful, and now entering another five-year phase with the inception of the Third Malaysia Plan, planners, policy-makers and administrators have found themselves faced with an even greater array of problems of managing the economic and social progress of the country

Incidence and Types of Congenital Heart Diseases among Children in Sulaimani Governorate

Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are common causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among young children and adolescents. It is the most common form of structural congenital defects. Little is known about incidence and type of these disorders in Sulaimani. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the incidence of congenital heart diseases and their types in Sulaimani Governorate. The study was conducted in Sulaimani Pediatric Teaching Hospital and the Maternity Hospital during January 2015 to December 2016. A sample of 400 consecutive cases of CHD in children aged 0-12 years was recruited attending the echocardiographic department of the hospital for diagnosis or follow-up purposes. Demographic data was collected through a face-to-face interview with the mothers of cases. A total number of new live births for 2015-2016 and those with congenital heart diseases were obtained from the medical records of the department of statistics of Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital. The overall incidence of all types of congenital heart diseases was 1.7/1000, 1.6/1000 live births for the year 2015 and 2016 respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in incidence between males and females over the two years, male to female risk ratio 1.83 (95% CI 1.09-3.14, p 0.007). The commonest types of cyanotic congenital heart diseases were tetralogy of Fallot (38.9% of all cyanotic defects), complete atrioventricular canal (22.1%), and transposition of great arteries (18.2%), while the most common types of non-cyanotic congenital heart disease were atrial septal defect (34.1% of all non-cyanotic defects), ventricular septal defect (31.6%), and the other defects are less common. In conclusion, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects are the commonest congenital heart deformities in Sulaimani Governorate; the incidence is lower than other countries but this could be an underestimation

Effect of storage methods on viability of some hepatic enzymes in farm animals

In the course of a study of serum hepatic enzymes in the ruminants with storage effect was discovered, whose serum contained an Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) which was indistinguishable from sheep, cattle, and goats. However, the fundamental storage study of these enzymes is poorly understood in farm animals. Therefore this paper was aimed to determine the relations of two storage methods. The same enzyme was demonstrated in high concentration in the cattle and its linear decreases during storage over 8 weeks in all three animals tested. This single case demonstrates the possibility that elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in animals with -20 oC can be of neoplastic rather than of hepatic storage at 5 oC

L-CAQ: Joint link-oriented channel-availability and channel-quality based channel selection for mobile cognitive radio networks

Channel availability probability (CAP) and channel quality (CQ) are two key metrics that can be used to efficiently design a channel selection strategy in cognitive radio networks. For static scenarios, i.e., where all the users are immobile, the CAP metric depends only on the primary users' activity whereas the CQ metric remains relatively constant. In contrast, for mobile scenarios, the values of both metrics fluctuate not only with time (time-variant) but also over different links between users (link-variant) due to the dynamic variation of primary- and secondary-users' relative positions. As an attempt to address this dynamic fluctuation, this paper proposes L-CAQ: a link-oriented channel-availability and channel-quality based channel selection strategy that aims to maximize the link throughput. The L-CAQ scheme considers accurate estimation of the aforementioned two channel selection metrics, which are governed by the mobility-induced non-stationary network topology, and endeavors to select a channel that jointly maximizes the CAP and CQ. The benefits of the proposed scheme are demonstrated through numerical simulation for mobile cognitive radio networks

The Role of Target Cost in Cost Reduction: an Empirical Case of Bazian Cement Factory in Kri

Recently corporations attempt to make a fair competition in global markets, which apply different techniques and tactics to raise their industrial outputs with lower costs and it is enhancing companies' profitability. Implementation of target costing is employed in design of products and development phases, therefore purposes at reduction costs at the first stage of the life-cycle. The enterprises might be supported by a considerable technique for seizing the highest of profit margin of the product cost and regulate prices so it is vital tool for competitive advantage. Basically, the main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of implying target costing on reduction costs in Bazian Cement Factory in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study collected primary data through the survey and distributed 25 forms among the participants of the sample of the study. The findings of the study indicated that dependent variable (reduction costs) and independent variable (target costing) have a strong and positive link together, this means Bazian Cement Factory is successful in using target cost strategy

Complement protein and Immunoglobulins Serum levels in Normal Pregnant and Spontaneous Aborted Women

Disorder of maternal immune responses during pregnancy triggers immunological rejection of fetus antigens by maternal immune components, contribute to spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. The study was designed to concentrated on immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG and IgA) and complement elements (C3 and C4)   serum levels changes in normal pregnant and abortion women. Study groups were classified into normal pregnant women (20), spontaneous abortion (30) and non-pregnant women (16) as a control group, attending to Shahid Dr. Khalid Hospital/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics/Koya city. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA), complement proteins (C3 and C4) were determined and analyzed for normal pregnant, abortion and control groups by using Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) technique. The results demonstrated that concentration of IgG levels in abortion differed significantly in compare to normal pregnancy (p ≤0.05), while there were no significant differences in IgM and IgA serum levels among groups (p >0.05). Also, statistical analysis revealed that serum levels of C3 and C4 significantly decreased in abortion group compared to normal pregnant and non-pregnant groups (p ≤0.05). Concluded that complement proteins (C3 andC4) are a good defense line during normal pregnancy, sometime activation (hyper-consuming) of complement elements may provoke spontaneous abortion, while immunoglobulins are a little role in inducing of miscarriage in pregnant women

Assessment of Medication Use by Publics in Sulaimani Province

Drug uses is a multi-step process starting from consulting doctor, prescribing, ordering and using via individual either public or healthcare staff for therapeutic reasons. This process can be problematic for several reasons, especially in developing countries due to easily access to medications, self-diagnosis and people recommendation for certain cases. The aims of the present study were to assess the practice and attitude of medication uses and the knowledge about medication advantage and their risks by publics in Sulaymaniyah province. Then to build correlations between demographic characteristics and medication uses, in order to show the main impact of widely used medication on public health status. Finally, to provide community with statistical data about the level of knowledge, attitude and practice KAP in this region. The overall six hundred participant from the average of ten locations between governmental and privates hospitals and pharmacies as well as clinics were selected from central city and towns for data collection. The majority of participants were public from different background. The present study concluded that the 60 percentage of the participant were lack of adequate knowledge about the ability for differentiation between analgesic and antibiotic medications. The results of the current study showed inappropriate practices and attitudes that contribute to increasing health risks. It is also found that 72 percentage of participant who use prescription only drugs such as antibiotics can be possibly stopped after situation disappeared. This study also investigated several reasons for inappropriate practice, such as wrong believes with irregular consumption of medications, illiteracy, poor health services in terms of pharmacies and healthcare staff as well as easy access to most of the types of medications. Therefore, effort by governmental authorities is urgent toward reducing the risk of the situation, and negative consequences regarding inappropriate practice toward patient care in the region

Variations of Arterial Supply of the Liver: C.T. Angiographic Study Among Sudanese Adults

Hepatobiliary surgery through laparoscopic approach is becoming a routine. Knowledge of extrahepatic arterial tree is essential for surgical and imaging procedures. Anatomical complexity is expected since the liver is developed by mergingof lobules with its separate blood supply. This makes a wide range of variations in the pattern of vascular arrangement and so reinforces the need for an accurate understanding of full spectrum of variations. This study aimed to investigate the variations in origin and distribution of extrahepatic arterial supply. Fifty volunteers (32 males and 18 females) aged 20–70 years were randomly recruited from the department of CT scan in Al Amal Hospital, Khartoum North, Sudan. The patients were already candidates for CT angiography with contrast for conditions other than hepatobiliary diseases. The reported data is related to those who accepted to participate in the study. Patients with history of hepatobiliary disease were excluded. 3D views of the scans were treated and the extrahepatic arterial tree was traced in a computer-based software. Key findings suggest that Michel’s classification was considered the standard template for description – 76% of them showed Michel’s type I classification. Types III and V constituted about 2%. About 4% of the cases were represented by types VI and IX. Other types of variations constituted about 12%. To conclude, although type I classification which describes the textbook pattern of hepatic artery distribution was significantly detected among the Sudanese population, other variants were to be considered since they are related to major arteries like aorta and superior mesenteric