Strategic analysis of water institutions in India: application of a new research paradigm

Water management / Irrigation management / Institutions / Water law / Water rights / Water policy / Cost recovery / Price policy / Private sector / Public sector / Privatization / Financing / Conflict / Groundwater / Water market / Farmers’ associations / Water users’ associations / India

Impact synergies, institutions, and food security: an evaluation methodology with empirical results

Food securityInstitutionsModels

Water institutions and sector performance: A subjective theory of institutional change

Institutional developmentOrganizational changeEvaluation

Water challenge and institutional response (a cross-country perspective)

This cross-country evaluation of institutional responses to problems in the water sector shows that changes in the nature of water problems have changed the development paradigm underlying water institutions. There is increasing recognition of how decentralized allocation mechanisms can influence economic forces and stakeholders in water sector decisions. As the notion of water provision as a public good and welfare activity gives way to the concept of water as an economic good and an input of economic activity, there is more policy concern about efficient and equitable use, cost recovery, and financial viability. All of the countries the authors studied (Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Israel, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa, Spain, and Sri Lanka) are committed to changing the policies and institutions that have caused the present water sector crisis, but they are at different stages of institutional reform. Among cases discussed, Australia and Chile (and, in the United States, California and Colorado) are at an advanced (though not ideal) stage of institutional change. Israel, with its technologically advanced water sector, could well be ahead of them when the proposal to allow water transfers and decentralize water development and distribution systems takes practical shape. Tentative conclusions reached by the authors are: 1) Attempts to fix isolated parts of the water sector will influence other dimensions but an integrated approach is best. At the heart of such an approach should be institutional changes aimed at modernizing and strengthening legal, policy, and administrative arrangements for the whole sector. 2) Institutional changes taking place everywhere suggest that the opportunity costs of (and net gain from) institutional change is not uniform, suggesting that opportunity and transaction costs vary. 3) Funding agencies should focus efforts and resources in countries, areas, and subsectors that already have enough critical mass in institution-building to ensure success and lower transaction costs. 4) The sequence and pace of reform should reflect realities of scale economies and political pressures from reform constituencies. When possible, political economy should be exploited to move reform along more quickly.Environmental Economics&Policies,Water Conservation,Water and Industry,Water Supply and Systems,Decentralization,Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water and Industry,Water Conservation,Water Use

Quantifying institutional impacts and development synergies in water resource programs : a methodology with application to the Kala Oya basin, Sri Lanka

The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows.Economic Theory&Research,Food&Beverage Industry,E-Business,Rural Poverty Reduction,Climate Change

Strategic Analyses of the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India, Series 3. Promoting irrigation demand management in India: potentials, problems and prospects

Water demand / Water management / Irrigation management / Water policy / Water market / Price policy / Pricing / Groundwater management / Water rights / Water allocation / Water conservation / Drip irrigation / Water users associations / India

Institutions, impact synergies and food security: a methodology with results from the Kala Oya Basin, Sri Lanka

Institutional development / Development plans / Development policy / Impact assessment / River basins / Food security / Models

Factores asociados a la apendicitis aguda complicada en el Hospital de Apoyo II Sullana Piura enero diciembre 2014

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los factores clínico-epidemiológicos y características hematológicas asociadas a la Apendicitis aguda complicada en el Hospital de Apoyo 11-2 Sullana- Piura durante el periodo de Enero- Diciembre 2014. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal y retrospectivo. El número de historia clínica de los pacientes con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda complicada durante el año 2014 se obtuvo en él libro de reporte operatorio. Luego se procedió a reVisar las historias élínicas, llenando una ficha de recolección de datos respectiva para cada una. A continuación se realizaron tablas de contingencia y columnas 100% apiladas para cada variable estudiada. Se relacionaron las variables con las distintas complicaciones de la apendicitis aguda complicada a través de la prueba de Chi cuadrado, con una significancia menor a 0.05. RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 227 pacientes, de los cuales 50% presento apendicitis aguda gangrenada, el 19% apendicitis perforada, el 12% peritonitis localizada sin plastrón apendicular, 7% plastrón apendicular, el 3% absceso apendicular, y el 9%, peritonitis generalizada. El grado de instrucción (sig."'0:015), el tratamiento médico previo (sig.=0.034), la medicación previa (sig.=0.004), la frecuencia respiratoria (sig.=0.015), el valor absoluto de los neutrófilos bastonados (sig.=0.025), el valor relativo de los neutrófilos bastonados (sig.=0.043), el índice liT (sig.=0.021), el tiempo de enfermedad (sig.=0.01x10-15) y el tiempo preoperatorio (sig.=0.04x10-15) se relacionaron significativamente (p<0.05) con las complicaciones de la apendicitis aguda. CONCLUSIONES: La apendicitis gangrenada es la complicación más frecuente de la apendicitis aguda complicada (50%.); El grado de instrucción superior y recibir sólo antibiótico previo al ingreso al hospital aumenta la probabilidad de 4 presentar peritonitis localizada en 50% y 33% respectivamente; La taquipnea mayor de 25 respiraciones por minuto aumenta la probabilidad de presentar peritonitis generalizada entre 25-33%. Más 14% o de 900 neutrófilos bastonados/mm3 en el hemograma aumenta la probabilidad de presentar apendicitis perforada (33% y 27%, respectivamente), y peritonitis generalizada (33% y 23 respectivamente); mientras que un índice 1/T mayor a 0.16 aumenta la probabilidad de presentar peritonitis generalizada en 25-40%. Un tiempo de enfermedad mayor de 4 días aumenta la probabilidad de peritonitis generalizada y absceso apendicular en un 30% cada uno, alejando la probabilidad de apendicitis gangrenada a un 5%.Tesi