Palate of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Gross Anatomical, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopical Study

This investigation aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of the palate of bronze black turkey by gross anatomy, light and scanning electron microscopy. The oral roof (palate) constitutes 87.73% of the oropharyngeal roof length, comprising two parts; rostral and caudal. The rostral part of is characterized by the presence of median palatine ridge, rostral and caudal lateral palatine ridges, narrow part of the choanal slit and three rows of palatine papillae. The median palatine ridge shows rostral continued and caudal interrupted parts. This ridge as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) bears 4-5 transverse furrows at the level of the beginning of the caudal lateral palatine ridges. Numerous Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive compound tubular mucous maxillary, palatine and sphenopterygoid salivary glands are distributed in the mucosa of the palate. From all above mentioned, it's clear that the palate in turkey reveals some different anatomical features in compared with that of the other birds

Light and Electron Microscopical Studies on the Hyalocytes of Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo)

The present study aimed to investigate the light and electron microscopical structure of the hyalocytes in turkey. This study was applied on a total number of 15 (10 males and 5 females) clinically healthy turkeys of Bronze black species, collected from a local farm in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. For sampling and fixation, 30 turkey's eyeballs were enucleated and subjected to study. The hyalocytes appeared as large cell with different shapes (rounded, oval or elliptical). They located within ambushes found along the outer surface of the retino-pecteneal membrane. In these cells, present numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles and large oval nucleus located near the internal part of the cell. There were many cytoplasmic processes that joined each other as a fine meshwork enclosing several vesicles or parts of foreign materials along the external portion of the cell. On the internal or deep surface of the cell present numerous filopodia, which extended to occupy the depressions found on the outer surface of the retino-pecteneal membrane. The presence of ingested foreign materials and the appearance of filopodia in a moving condition along the internal surface of the cell insure that hyalocytes are considered highly active phagocytic cells

Gross Anatomical, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Pharyngeal Roof of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Comparative Study

The present study was carried out to investigate the histomorphological features of the turkey's pharyngeal roof using light and scanning electron microscopy. Studied parts from the roof of the turkey's pharynx were processed and stained by convential stains to illustrate the mucosa, salivary glands, and connective tissue infiltration. Also, Scanning electron investigations were applied on pharyngeal papillae and pharyngeoseophageal junction. Grossly, the pharyngeal roof was shown to constitute about 12.27% of the oropharyngeal roof length, continue rostrally with the oral roof at the level located between the choanal and infundibular slits, and terminate caudally at the pharyngeoesophageal junction, demarcated by a transverse row of caudally directed conical papillae. Numerous different sized and shaped caudally directed pharyngeal papillae were distributed in the roof of the pharynx. Histologically, the pharyngeal mucosa demonstrated pharyngeal folds, intraepithelial mucous glands, abundant lymphoid infiltration and lymphatic nodules, in addition to intraepithelial sensory corpuscles. Numerous compound tubular mucous sphenopterygoid salivary glands were observed in the mucosa of the pharyngeal roof. This study in conclusion provided comprehensive information on the structure of the pharyngeal roof of the turkey, comparing these findings with those of other birds

Morphological Studies on the Upper Beak of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

This study was carried out to provide a detailed description about the upper beak of turkey, regarding its gross anatomical, light and scanning electron microscopic morphology. The upper beak extends in a hook like infront of the lower beak. It measures 53.80 mm long. The height and width of the upper beak increase caudalwards. SEM shows that the tip and the lateral sides of the upper beak are covered with numerous flakes of keratin. At the free tip of the beak, these keratinized flakes have an irregular appearance which may be due to desquamation of the epithelium during manipulation of foods. Immediately in front of the angle of the mouth, the lateral edge of the upper beak is characterized by the presence of transverse furrows which giving it a serrated appearance. The upper beak of the turkey consists of a bony support covered by dermal and epidermal layers

Morphological Studies on the Postnatal Development of the Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissues of the Rabbit Cecum

The macroscopic, morphometric, light and scanning electron microscopic structure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of cecum were studied in the rabbits aged from birth to 16 weeks. The GALT were formed of lymph follicles covered by low columnar epithelium containing intraepithelial lymphocytes and leukocytes. They were concentrated at the ileocecal entrance (ileocecal patch) and in the blind end of the cecum vermiform appendix. In the ileocecal patch, GALT were in direct contact with the lumen, while those of the appendix were covered by the interval intestinal villi in young rabbits and mucosal folds in the adult rabbits. The lymphoid follicles of the ileocecal patch were composed of dome region and germinal center and were separated by narrow inter-follicular areas. Whereas, the lymphoid follicles of the appendix were composed dome region and germinal center in the newly born rabbits and up to the 2nd week of age, the follicles became composed of four different sites: dome region, germinal center, coronal area, and a wide interfollicular area between neighboring follicles. Morphometrically; the dimensions of the lymphoid follicles of the cecal GALT increased in size with the advancement of the age. By SEM the lymphoid structures covered with special epithelium consisted of two types of cell absorptive enterocytes and M cells. The M cells in the cecal patch were microvilliated and present on the tips and sides of the dome lymphoid regions while in the appendix were non-microvilliated and present only on the sides of the dome regions

Morphological, Histological, and Histochemical Studies on the Adrenal Gland of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) During the Post Hatching Period

The adrenal gland of the Japanese quail is a bilateral endocrine organ that is located in the abdominal cavity. The development of the adrenal gland begins in the pre hatching period and continues during the post hatching. The current study aimed to describe the anatomical and histological changes of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the post hatching period. The present study was carried on Japanese quail chicks, at ages of day of hatching, two- and four-weeks post-hatching. The dissected adrenal glands were investigated morphologically, histologically, and histochemically. In the current work, the interrenal tissue makes up most the adrenal parenchyma and the chromaffin mass gradually increase with the age. The interrenal tissue at the peripheral zone of the gland arranged into arch-like cords, becomes more prevalent throughout the gland with age, notably at five weeks. They were strongly positive for PAS especially on the day of hatching age but appeared negative by Grimelius argyrophilic stain. At the two weeks of age, chromaffin cells appeared in the form of triangular islets scattered between the interrenal cells. They are smaller and fewer than the interrenal cells, at the age of five weeks the chromaffin islets increased in size and concentrated at the central zone. Two types of chromaffin cells were observed by using Grimelius argyrophilic stain; one of them contain dark brown granules and the other is free from these granules. Finally, distinct morphological changes in the adrenal gland occur during the post-hatching phase

Macro and Microanatomical Studies on the Choanal Slit of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

This work was carried out to describe the morphological characteristics of the choanal slit of the turkey through gross, light, and scanning electron microscopy. The choanal slit measures 27.62 mm long, and constitutes 38.30 % of the total length of the palate. The edges of the narrow part of the choanal slit is smooth rostrally but slightly thickened caudally due to the presence of 2-3 small papillae. The edge of the wide part is thickened because of presence of 5-7 conical and wedge shaped papillae. SEM indicates the presence of median fold within the choana, which represents the direct continuation of the median palatine ridge. After a short distance, this fold bifurcates into right and left folds. Several openings of the palatine salivary glands are demonstrated on the palate at the level of the choanal slit. The epithelium of the oral roof at the level of the choanal slit is stratified squamous epithelium showing intraepithelial sensory corpuscles. This epithelium transforms at the edge of the choanal slit into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that interrupted by intraepithelial mucous glands surrounded by lymphatic infiltration and nodules. Altogether, this study provides inclusive information on the macroscopic and microscopic morphological features of the choana in the turkey in comparing with those of the other birds