CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-LOADED CROSS-LINKED MICROSPHERES BY IONIC GELATION METHOD

Objective: Lamivudine (LVD) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor originally developed as an antiretroviral drug and primarily used in thetreatment of most common chronic disease of the planet, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hepatitis B. The main objective of the study is todevelop controlled drug delivery system to increase the efficacy of antiretroviral drug, LVD against human immunodeficiency virus infections.Methods: The microencapsulation of LVD in gelatin microspheres was carried out by cross-linking process with glutaraldehyde saturated tolueneusing ionic-gelation method. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for particle size analysis, % yield value, % drug content, drug entrapmentefficiency, scanning electron microscopy for surface morphology, swelling index, accelerated stability studies, Fourier transform infrared radiationspectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for polymer drug compatibility, in vitro dissolution efficiency and release kineticstudies.Results: The obtained microspheres showed very smooth surface and exhibited regular spherical geometry due to higher crosslinking density. FT-IRand DSC revealed the absence of drug polymer interactions. The percentage yield, entrapment efficiency and drug content for F6 LVD microsphereswas found to be 79.31%, 65.55% and 96.25% respectively. The particle size was ranged from 34.61% to 51.45 μm sizes and in vitro release profileshowed that cross-linking density of gelatin microspheres effectively controlled the release of LVD.Conclusion: The findings of our investigation demonstrated that F6 of gelatin-LVD microspheres had good controlled release profile with maximumentrapment efficiency and prolonged drug release for 24 hrs or longer and this formulation would be capable of overcoming the drawbacks andlimitations of LVD conventional dosage forms.Keywords: Lamivudine, Microspheres, Controlled release, Gelatin, Fourier transform infrared, Differential scanning calorimetry, In vitro releasekinetics

Behavior of Kelvin waves for two low latitude stations

310-317The wind profiles of Jakarta (Indonesia) and Hyderabad (India) have been analyzed from the radiosonde data for 12 months (January to December 2019) and the data have been used to investigate the behavior of Kelvin waves in the equatorial atmosphere. A non-dispersive wave of zonal wind easterlies are recorded between 15 and 25 km altitude in January over the Jakarta region with zero perturbation of meridional wind velocity at the same altitude. Similar pattern with less magnitude of easterlies has also been recorded over Hyderabad region at the same period. This might be an apparent evidence for the decay of Kelvin waves as they move away from the equator and the two regions have a nearly opposite trend of wind profiles. Further effect of Kelvin waves on the atmospheric pressure has been investigated for both the regions at three different altitudes including 5, 15 and 25 km, respectively. The observed effect indicate the existence of kelvin waves depend on the decrease of pressure. Therefore, there is nearly four months interval for the shifting of an intertropical conventional zone (ITCZ) from Jakarta to Hyderabad latitude

Reliability Analysis of PV Inverters Considering Locational Impact

The inverter system is an important piece of equipment for efficiently absorbing the electricity generated from renewable sources and ensuring reliable grid connections. As power electronics advance, inverter conversion efficiency is improving and photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming a major contributor to the global supply of renewable energy. However, a key consideration is how reliable the PV inverters are. The dependability performance of PV inverters can be influenced by various environmental parameters, such as solar radiation and temperature (collectively referred to as Mission Profile). Given that these conditions vary by location, it is necessary to take them into account when evaluating the dependability performance of a PV inverter. The Mission Profile, including the local solar radiation and surrounding temperature, are important factors determining the lifespan of a PV inverter. This research examines how environmental variables and geographic position affect the dependability performance of PV converters and finds that these elements have a significant bearing on that performance

Optimal coincidence point results in partially ordered non-Archimedean fuzzy metric spaces

In this paper, we introduce best proximal contractions in complete ordered non-Archimedean fuzzy metric space and obtain some proximal results. The obtained results unify, extend, and generalize some comparable results in the existing literature.M De la Sen thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for partial support of this work through Grant DPI2012-30651. He also thanks the Basque Government for its support through Grant IT378-10, and the University of Basque Country for its support through Grant UFI 11/07.http://link.springer.com/journal/11784am2016Mathematics and Applied Mathematic

Decreased TNF family receptor expression on B-cells is associated with reduced humoral responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in young children

An underdeveloped or impaired immune response in young children is associated with increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) infections. We determined serum antibody titers against 3 Spn vaccine candidate proteins and vaccine serotype polysaccharide antigens in a group of Spn infection prone 9-18months old and found lower IgG antibody titers to all tested antigens compared to age-matched non-infection-prone children. We also found the children had significantly reduced percentages of total memory B-cells, switched memory B-cells and plasma cells. We sought a mechanistic explanation for that result by examination of TNF family receptors (TNFRs) TACI, BCMA, and BAFFR receptor expression on B-cells and found significantly lower BAFFR and TACI expression; significantly lower proliferation of B-cells stimulated with exogenous BAFF; and diminished expression of co-stimulatory receptors B7-1 and B7-2 among infection prone vs. non-prone children. We conclude that lower expression of TNFRs, lower proliferation of B-cells in response to BAFF and lower expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by B-cells may contribute to reduced antibody responses to Spn and consequent infection proneness in young children