Optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation.pdf

This is the dataset for the article, "Optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation" published in Frontiers in Immunology.</p

The Spleen as an Optimal Site for Islet Transplantation and a Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

This review demonstrates the unique potential of the spleen as an optimal site for islet transplantation and as a source of mesenchymal stem cells. Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy used to treat severe diabetes mellitus; however, its clinical outcome is currently unsatisfactory. Selection of the most appropriate transplantation site is a major factor affecting the clinical success of this therapy. The spleen has long been studied as a candidate site for islet transplantation. Its advantages include physiological insulin drainage and regulation of immunity, and it has recently also been shown to contribute to the regeneration of transplanted islets. However, the efficacy of transplantation in the spleen is lower than that of intraportal transplantation, which is the current representative method of clinical islet transplantation. Safer and more effective methods of islet transplantation need to be established to allow the spleen to be used for clinical transplantation. The spleen is also of interest as a mesenchymal stem cell reservoir. Splenic mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the repair of damaged tissue, and their infusion may thus be a promising therapy for autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and Sjogren&rsquo;s syndrome

Development and Characteristics of Pancreatic Epsilon Cells

Pancreatic endocrine cells expressing the ghrelin gene and producing the ghrelin hormone were first identified in 2002. These cells, named &#949; cells, were recognized as the fifth type of endocrine cells. Differentiation of &#949; cells is induced by various transcription factors, including Nk2 homeobox 2, paired box proteins Pax-4 and Pax6, and the aristaless-related homeobox. Ghrelin is generally considered to be a &#8220;hunger hormone&#8222; that stimulates the appetite and is produced mainly by the stomach. Although the population of &#949; cells is small in adults, they play important roles in regulating other endocrine cells, especially &#946; cells, by releasing ghrelin. However, the roles of ghrelin in &#946; cells are complex. Ghrelin contributes to increased blood glucose levels by suppressing insulin release from &#946; cells and is also involved in the growth and proliferation of &#946; cells and the prevention of &#946; cell apoptosis. Despite increasing evidence and clarification of the mechanisms of &#949; cells over the last 20 years, many questions remain to be answered. In this review, we present the current evidence for the participation of &#949; cells in differentiation and clarify their characteristics by focusing on the roles of ghrelin

Regenerative and Transplantation Medicine: Cellular Therapy Using Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by the autoimmune targeting of pancreatic &#946;-cells, and, in the advanced stage, severe hypoinsulinemia due to islet destruction. In patients with T1DM, continuous exogenous insulin therapy cannot be avoided. However, an insufficient dose of insulin easily induces extreme hyperglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis, and intensive insulin therapy may cause hypoglycemic symptoms including hypoglycemic shock. While these insulin therapies are efficacious in most patients, some additional therapies are warranted to support the control of blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in patients who respond poorly despite receiving appropriate treatment. There has been a recent gain in the popularity of cellular therapies using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in various clinical fields, owing to their multipotentiality, capacity for self-renewal, and regenerative and immunomodulatory potential. In particular, adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) have become a focus in the clinical setting due to the abundance and easy isolation of these cells. In this review, we outline the possible therapeutic benefits of ADMSC for the treatment of T1DM

Bone marrow cells produce nerve growth factor and promote angiogenesis around transplanted islets

AIM: To clarify the mechanism by which bone marrow cells promote angiogenesis around transplanted islets