Über die Wirkung des Yohimbins und Chinins auf das Blutbild, insbesondere über ihren Einfuss auf die Adrenalinwirkung. I. Die Wirkung des Yohimbins und ihre Beziehung zur Adrenalinwirkung

Es wurden dem Kaninchen 0.25-5mg/kg Yohimbinchlorhydrat intravenös injiziert und mit gewissem Zeitinterval bis 8 oder 24 Stunden nach der Injektion wurde die Veränderung des Blutbildes untersucht. 1. Yohimbin ruft in den oben genannten Dosen auf die Zahl der Erythrozyten und die Menge des Haemoglobins keine Veränderung hervor. 2. Auf die Leukozyten übt, es dagegen eine typische Wirkung aus. Nach Injektion von 0 5-5mg/kg tritt zuerst eine leichte Leukopenie ein, die im Wesentlichen von der Verminderung der Lymphozyten herrührt, dann macht diese einer später auftretenden, aber anhaltenden Leukozytose Platz die hauptsächlich durch eine Vermehrung der pseudoeosinophilen Leukozyten bedingt wird. Die anderen Sorten von Leukozyten erfahren durch dieses Gift keine bestimmte Veränderung. 3. Wenn 0.25-5mg/kg Yohimbin mit 0.5mg/kg Adrenalin gleichzeitig injiziert wird, so wird die nach Adrenalin sonst auftretende vorübergehende Leukozytose, die auf der Vermehrung der pseudoeosinophilen Leukozyten und der Lymphozyten beruht, gehemmt. Dagegen kann die später auftretende, von der Vermebrung der pseudoeosinophilen Leukozyten herrührende Leukozytose durch Yohimbin nicht gehemmt werden, sondern wird aber vorstärkt, vielleicht durch die Addition der Wirkung beider Gifte. 4. Wenn aber 1-5mg/kg Yohimbin 2-3 Stunden nach der Adrenalininjektion verabreicht wird, so wird die später durch Adrenalin verursachte Vermehrung der pseudoeosinophilen Leukozyten gehemmt, und durch die Vermindelung der Lymphozyten wird im Gegenteil eine Leukopenie hervorgerufen. Die Adrenalinwirkung wird dann durch Yohimbin gehemmt und sogar umgekehrt, und dabei diese Erscheinung auch so angesehen werden kann, dass die Vermehrung der Leukozyten durch Yohimbin infolge der Vorbehandlung mit Adrenalin gehemmt wird. Diese Erscheinung dürfte in der Weise erklärt werden, dass Yohimbin, wie bei den glattmuskeligen Organen, so auch auf einen Teil der Angriffspunkte des Adrenalins lähmend einwirkt

Über die Wirkung des Yohimbius und Chinins auf das Blutbild, insbesondere über ihren Einfluss auf die Adrenalinwirkung II. Mitteilung. Die Wirkung des Chinins und ihre Bezieltung zur Adrenalinwirkung

Chinin ruft am Kaninchen in Dosen von 0.1-50 mg/kg intravenös verabreicht, in alien Fällen bei dem roten Blutbild und dem Hämoglobingehalt keine bestimmte Veränderung hervor. Dagegen zeigt es auf das weisse Blutbild eine spezifische Wirkung. In Dosen von 3-50 mg verursachtes eine deutliche Leukozytose, die hauptsächlich von der Vermehrung der pseudoeosinophilen Leukozyten herrührt. Bei grösseren Dosen, wie 30-50 mg, kommt die Leukozytose jedoch leichter als bei kleineren zum Vorschein, und dazu geht eine vorübergehende Leukopenie voraus, die durch die Verminderung der Lymphozyten bedingt ist. Wenn 3-30 mg/kg Chinin mit 0.5 mg/kg Adrenalin gleicbzeitig gegeben werden, so übt das erstere auf die Wirkung des letzteren fast keinen Einfluss aus. Wenn aber die gleichen Dosen Chinin 2-3 Stunden nach der Adrenalininjektion, also kurz vor dem Zustundekommen der Adrenalinwirkung, verabreicht werden, so wird die sonst durch Adrenalin hervorgerufene Vermebrung der pseudoeosinophilen Leukozyten völlig unterdrückt, es vermindern sick auch die Lymphozyten und somit tritt die Leukozytose nicht zutage. Die Adrenalinwirkung wird also auch in Bezug auf das Blutbild durch zeitliche Einwirkung des Chinins gehemmt und sogar umgekehrt. Vergleicht man hiermit die Wirkung des Yohimbins (vergl. I. Mitteilung), so ersieht man, dass sich die beiden Stoffe auch in der Wirkung auf das Blutbild, wie auf den anderen Gebieten, sowohl in der eigenen Wirkung als auch in der Beziehung zum Adrenalin sehr ähnlich verhalten

Scaling of soaring seabirds and its implication for the maximum size of flying pterosaurs

The flight ability of animals is restricted by the scaling effects imposed by physical and physiological factors. In comparisons of the power available from muscle and the mechanical power required to fly, theoretical studies have predicted that the margin between the powers should decrease with body size and that flying animals have a maximum body size. However, predicting an absolute value of this upper limit has been difficult because wing morphology and flight styles vary among species. Albatrosses and petrels have long, narrow, aerodynamically efficient wings and are considered to be soaring birds. Here, using animal-borne accelerometers, we show that scaling analyses of wing-flapping frequencies in these seabirds indicate that the maximum size limit for soaring animals is a body mass of 41 kg and a wingspan of 5.1 m. Soaring seabirds were observed to have two modes of flapping frequencies: vigorous flapping during takeoff and sporadic flapping during cruising flight. In these species, high and low flapping frequencies were found to scale with body mass (_mass_ ^-0.30^ and _mass_ ^-0.18^) in a manner similar to the predictions from biomechanical flight models (_mass_ ^-1/3^ and _mass_ ^-1/6^). The scaling relationships predicted that animals larger than the limit will not be able to flap fast enough to stay aloft under unfavourable wind conditions. Our result therefore casts doubt on the flying ability of large, extinct pterosaurs. The largest extant soarer, the wandering albatross, weighs about 10 kg, which might be a pragmatic limit to maintain a safety margin for sustainable flight and to survive in a variable environment

Survey of Seepage Through Heightened Earthfill Dam With High-density Electrical Prospecting Method

High-density electrical prospecting was conducted on a heightened earthfill darn during the first filling of the reservoir to study the possibility of applying this prospecting method to examination of zoned structures inside an embankment darn and monitoring of seepage through the dam body. Visual Inspection and measurement with the measuring devices were also conducted to control the safety of the dam. As a result, it was found that zoned structures inside the dam such as a newly built embankment, an existing embankment, and drain are zones each having a different resistivity value. In addition, since the area where the resistivity inside the darn body changed with the impounding almost coincided with the area where pore water pressure changed, the seepage area is an area where the resistivity changed

Mutations in the Desmoglein 4 Gene Are Associated with Monilethrix-like Congenital Hypotrichosis

The gene encoding human desmoglein 4 (DSG4) was recently cloned, and a mutation in this gene has been reported in several consanguineous Pakistani families affected with localized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis (LAH). In addition, various mutations in the Dsg4 gene have been identified in animal models of hypotrichosis that share a characteristic phenotype called “lanceolate hair”. To date, the features of the hair-shaft anomaly in patients with LAH have not been well described. We report a Japanese patient affected with congenital hypotrichosis that was originally diagnosed as monilethrix because she had a hair-shaft abnormality that resembled moniliform hair. However, no mutations were found in the type II hair keratin genes, hHb1, hHb3, and hHb6, whose mutations cause monilethrix. Instead, we identified novel compound heterozygous mutations in the DSG4 gene of our patient. On the maternal allele is a novel S192P transition within the extracellular cadherin II domain of DSG4; on the paternal allele is a novel 2039insT mutation leading to the generation of unstable transcripts. Here we present the observation that mutations in the DSG4 gene can cause monilethrix-like congenital hypotrichosis. Based on our findings, we propose that LAH and monilethrix could overlap

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer

The introduction of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has expanded the applications for endoscopic treatment; as a result, lesions with low metastatic potential can be treated endoscopically regardless of the lesion size. The most attractive feature of ESD is the achievement of en bloc resection with a lower local recurrence rate in comparison to that of endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection. However, in case of gastric cancers, ESD is not as widely applied to the treatment of colorectal neoplasms because of its technical difficulty, longer procedural time, and increased perforation risk. In the movement toward diversified endoscopic treatment strategies for superficial colorectal neoplasms, endoscopists who begin to perform ESD need to recognize the indications of ESD, as well as the technical issues and associated complications of this procedure

Detectability of Colon Polyp Using Computed Virtual Chromoendoscopy with Flexible Spectral Imaging Color Enhancement

The aim of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of using computed virtual chromoendoscopy with the flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) for colon neoplasia screening. A modified back-to-back colonoscopy using FICE and white light in the right-sided colon was conducted prospectively for the consecutive patients attending for the postoperative (sigmoidectomy or anterior resection) follow-up colonoscopy. Histopathology of detected lesions was confirmed by evaluation of endoscopic resection or biopsy specimens. One-hundred and two patients were enrolled, and 100 patients (61 males and mean age 63 years) were finally analyzed. The total number of polyps detected by FICE and white light colonoscopy was 65 and 45, respectively. The miss rate for all polyps with FICE (24%) was significantly less than that with white light (46%) (P = 0.03). Colonoscopy using FICE could beneficially enhance the detection of neoplastic lesions in the right-sided colon compared to white light colonoscopy

Early patency rate and fate of reattached intercostal arteries after repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms

ObjectivesThe present study analyzes the early patency of intercostal artery reconstruction, using graft interposition and aortic patch anastomosis, and determines the fate of reattached intercostal arteries after repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.MethodsWe selected 115 patients (mean age, 63 ± 15 years; range, 19-83 years; male, n = 83) treated by thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with 1 or more reconstructed intercostal arteries at the Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine between October 1999 and December 2012. The intercostal arteries were reconstructed using graft interposition (n = 66), aortic patch anastomosis (n = 42), or both (n = 7).ResultsThe hospital mortality rate was 7.8% (n = 9). Eleven patients (9.6%) developed spinal cord ischemic injury (permanent, n = 6, transient, n = 5). The average number of reconstructed intercostal arteries per patient was 3.0 ± 1.5 (1-7), and 345 intercostal arteries were reattached. The overall patency rate was 74.2% (256/345) and that of aortic patch anastomosis was significantly better than that of graft interposition (90.8% [109/120] vs 65.3% [147/225], P < .01), but significantly worse for patients with than without spinal cord ischemic injury (51.9% [14/27] vs 76.1% [242/318], P = .01). There was no patch aneurysm in graft interposition during a mean of 49 ± 38 (range, 2-147) postoperative months, but aortic patch anastomosis including 4 intercostal arteries became dilated in 2 patients.ConclusionsAortic patch anastomosis might offer better patency rates and prevent spinal cord ischemic injury compared with graft interposition. Although aneurysmal changes in intercostal artery reconstructions are rare, large blocks of aortic wall reconstruction should be closely monitored

Visualization of Laterally Spreading Colorectal Tumors by Using Image-Enhanced Endoscopy

Laterally spreading tumors may sometimes evade detection by colonoscopy. This study aimed to evaluate the use of image-enhanced endoscopy for visualizing laterally spreading tumors of the nongranular type. We reviewed consecutive patients with 47 non-granular-type laterally spreading tumors that had been examined using white-light imaging, autofluorescence imaging, narrow-band imaging, and chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine. The quality of visualization was evaluated using a 5-point scale by less- and more-experienced endoscopists. Autofluorescence imaging provided significantly better visualization than white-light imaging for both less-experienced and experienced endoscopists. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed between the quality of visualization provided by white-light imaging and narrow-band imaging for less-experienced endoscopists. Autofluorescence imaging provides high-quality visualization of non-granular-type laterally spreading tumors on still images. Multicenter trials should be conducted to confirm the usefulness of autofluorescence imaging in detecting laterally spreading colorectal tumors

Mechanisms Underlying the Comorbidity of Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia is high, and life expectancy is shorter by 10 to 20 years. Metabolic abnormalities including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the main reasons. The prevalence of T2DM in patients with schizophrenia may be epidemiologically frequent because antipsychotics induce weight gain as a side effect and the cognitive dysfunction of patients with schizophrenia relates to a disordered lifestyle, poor diet, and low socioeconomic status. Apart from these common risk factors and risk factors unique to schizophrenia, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of common susceptibility genes between schizophrenia and T2DM. Functional proteins translated from common genetic susceptibility genes are known to regulate neuronal development in the brain and insulin in the pancreas through several common cascades. In this review, we discuss common susceptibility genes, functional cascades, and the relationship between schizophrenia and T2DM. Many genetic and epidemiological studies have reliably associated the comorbidity of schizophrenia and T2DM, and it is probably safe to think that common cascades and mechanisms suspected from common genes' functions are related to the onset of both schizophrenia and T2DM. On the other hand, even when genetic analyses are performed on a relatively large number of comorbid patients, the results are sometimes inconsistent, and susceptibility genes may carry only a low or moderate risk. We anticipate future directions in this field