Human Conditional Reasoning in Answer Set Programming

Given a conditional sentence "P=>Q" (if P then Q) and respective facts, four different types of inferences are observed in human reasoning. Affirming the antecedent (AA) (or modus ponens) reasons Q from P; affirming the consequent (AC) reasons P from Q; denying the antecedent (DA) reasons -Q from -P; and denying the consequent (DC) (or modus tollens) reasons -P from -Q. Among them, AA and DC are logically valid, while AC and DA are logically invalid and often called logical fallacies. Nevertheless, humans often perform AC or DA as pragmatic inference in daily life. In this paper, we realize AC, DA and DC inferences in answer set programming. Eight different types of completion are introduced and their semantics are given by answer sets. We investigate formal properties and characterize human reasoning tasks in cognitive psychology. Those completions are also applied to commonsense reasoning in AI.Comment: 34 pages. Shorter version: in Proceedings of the 21st International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning (NMR-2023

On the Resistance Coefficient by the Group of Column in the Open Channel

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchive

Para to Ortho transition of metallic dimers on Si(001)

Extensive electronic structure calculations are performed to obtain the stable geometries of metals like Al, Ga and In on the Si(001) surface at 0.5 ML and 1 ML coverages. Our results coupled with previous theoretical findings explain the recent experimental data in a comprehensive fashion. At low coverages, as shown by previous works, `Para' dimers give the lowest energy structure. With increasing coverage beyond 0.5 ML, `Ortho' dimers become part of low energy configurations leading toward a `Para' to `Ortho' transition at 1 ML coverage. For In mixed staggered dimers (`Ortho' and `Para') give the lowest energy configuration. For Ga, mixed dimers are non-staggered, while for Al `Para' to `Ortho' transition of dimers is complete. Thus at intermediate coverages between 0.5 and 1 ML, the `Ortho' and `Para' dimers may coexist on the surface. Consequently, this may be an explanation of the fact that the experimental observations can be successfully interpreted using either orientation. A supported zigzag structure at 0.5 ML, which resembles ${\rm (CH)_x}$, does not undergo a dimerization transition, and hence stays semi-metallic. Also, unlike ${\rm (CH)_x}$ the soliton formation is ruled out for this structure.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

カク ホウシャ カガク ノ ショウカイ : ジュウゲンソ カガク カラ カンキョウ ホウシャノウ ムキ ブンセキ カガク イヨウ キキ カイハツ マデ

The end of the late１９th century, nuclear and radiochemistry was firstly constructed by one of great chemists, Marie Curie. At that time, she had carried out the first discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, using chemical decomposition and separation methods of the first exercise in radiochemistry of uranium ores. Currently, nuclear and radiochemistry plays an important role in various fundamental and applied research fields from physics, chemistry, and biology, toward the environment, energy, industrial materials, life science, medicine, agriculture, education, and so on. This review is focused mainly on the introduction of current nuclear and radiochemistry, in particular, from the nuclear sciences of transuranium nuclides including recent experimental works of superheavy element chemistry toward radioactivity in the environment, inorganic analytical chemistry and the application of scientific technology to development of medical device

Towards Intelligent Databases

This article is a presentation of the objectives and techniques of deductive databases. The deductive approach to databases aims at extending with intensional definitions other database paradigms that describe applications extensionaUy. We first show how constructive specifications can be expressed with deduction rules, and how normative conditions can be defined using integrity constraints. We outline the principles of bottom-up and top-down query answering procedures and present the techniques used for integrity checking. We then argue that it is often desirable to manage with a database system not only database applications, but also specifications of system components. We present such meta-level specifications and discuss their advantages over conventional approaches