2 research outputs found

    Predictors of poor outcome in children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome

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    Background and objective: Nearly 50% of the children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) have a frequently relapsing (FR) or steroid dependent (SD) course, experiencing steroid toxicities and complications of immunosuppression. The study aimed to compare parameters between children with infrequent relapsing (IFR) and FR/SD nephrotic syndrome and to identify the factors associated with a FR/SD course. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records from 2009 to 2014, of children with SSNS attending the pediatric nephrology clinic in a tertiary care medical college and hospital. Results: Out of 325 children (226 males) with SSNS, 213 were IFR and 112 were FRNS/SDNS. The median age of onset was 34 (IQR 24–48) months. The median time to the first relapse was 4 (IQR 3–7) months and 6 (IQR 4–12) months in FR/SD and IFR group respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed “adequate treatment (≥12 weeks) of the first episode” (odds ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.34–0.91; p value = 0.02) and “shorter median time to the first relapse” (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.08; p value = 0.04) to be independent predictors of FR/SD course.An ROC curve was constructed which showed that time to first relapse <5.5 months was associated with a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 60% in predicting a FR/SD course. Conclusion: Adequate treatment of the first episode is associated with less chance of an FR/SD course. After treatment of first episode, the first relapse occurring within 5.5 months may predict a frequently relapsing or steroid dependent course. Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: Casi el 50% de los niños con síndrome nefrótico sensible a esteroides (SNSE) presentan un curso frecuentemente recurrente (FR) o dependiente de esteroides (DE) y padecen toxicidades por esteroides y complicaciones por la inmunodepresión. El estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar los parámetros entre los niños con recurrencias infrecuentes (RI) y el síndrome nefrótico FR/DE, e identificar los factores asociados con un curso FR/DE. Métodos: Un análisis retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de 2009-2014 de los niños con SNSE que asisten a la clínica de nefrología pediátrica en una facultad de medicina y un hospital de atención especializada. Resultados: De 325 niños (226 varones) con SNSE, 213 fueron RI y 112 fueron SNFR/SNDE. La mediana de edad de inicio fue 34 (RIC: 24-48) meses. El tiempo medio hasta la primera recaída fue 4 (RIC: 3-7) meses y 6 (RIC: 4-12) meses en los grupos FR/DE e RI, respectivamente. El análisis de regresión logística multivariante mostró «tratamiento adecuado (≥ 12 semanas) del primer episodio» (razón de posibilidades: 0,56; IC del 95%: 0,34-0,91; valor p = 0,02) y «tiempo medio más corto hasta la primera recaída» (razón de posibilidades: 1,04; IC del 95%: 1,01-1,08; valor p = 0,04) para ser factores predisponentes independientes del curso FR/DE.Se construyó una curva ROC que mostró que el tiempo hasta la primera recaída < 5,5 meses se asoció con una sensibilidad del 69% y una especificidad del 60% en la predicción de un curso FR/DE. Conclusión: El tratamiento adecuado del primer episodio se asocia con menos posibilidades de un curso FR/DE. Después del tratamiento del primer episodio, la primera recaída que ocurre dentro de los 5,5 meses puede pronosticar un curso frecuentemente recurrente o dependiente de esteroides. Keywords: Relapses, Nephrotic syndrome, Children, India, Palabras clave: Recaídas, Síndrome nefrótico, Niños, Indi

    Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India.

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    Scrub typhus is an established cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in northern states of India. We systematically investigated 376 children with AES in southern India, using a stepwise diagnostic strategy for the causative agent of scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, including IgM and PCR testing of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to grade its association with AES. We diagnosed scrub typhus in 87 (23%) children; of those, association with AES was confirmed in 16 (18%) cases, probable in 55 (63%), and possible in 16 (18%). IgM detection in CSF had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 82% compared with PCR. Our findings suggest scrub typhus as an emerging common treatable cause of AES in children in southern India and highlight the importance of routine testing for scrub typhus in diagnostic algorithms. Our results also suggest the potential promise of IgM screening of CSF for diagnosis of AES resulting from scrub typhus
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