The Dark Side of Social Networking Sites: A Review of Cybercrime Research

Background: Social Networking Sites (SNS) provide a platform to people of all kinds to commune, while also creating the dark world of cybercrimes. Cybercriminals use social media to collect information about targets, make plans, and commit crimes. Increasing crimes on social networking applications have attracted the attention of researchers. Method: We conducted a systematic literature review to thoroughly analyze cybercrimes on social networking applications. A total of 26 publications from leading high-quality journals (predominantly from Information Systems) have been studied for narrative synthesis. Alongside synthesizing cybercrime topics, a profiling of cybercrimes was conducted. Results: In our analysis, we discovered a range of theories within various articles that aid in understanding the factors contributing to cybercrime on SNS, as well as the behaviors of both users and criminals responsible for these cybercrimes. Additionally, we identified three distinct themes associated with cybercrimes: direct cybercrimes involving explicit harm by cybercriminals (such as cyberbullying, cyberstalking, and similar offenses), Indirect cybercrimes through misuse of information where cybercriminals indirectly influence targets to engage in criminal activities (including cyberactivism and crime sensing), and an exploration of the impact of cybercrime on SNS users. We finally propose a conceptual framework grounded in the Routine Activity Theory (RAT) and social networks for the analysis of cybercrimes. Conclusion: We propose a cybercrime framework for social networking sites using RAT to identify gaps. We then discuss the limitations of existing literature, including policy and practice gaps. Our contributions span two dimensions. First, in theory, we identify and categorize cybercrimes, explore its user impact, and create an analytical framework for understanding its complexities. Second, in practice, we emphasize the need for policy formulation, disclosure scale design, application development, digital interventions, and best practice implementation to effectively tackle SNS cybercrimes

Behaviour of short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846) (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Delphinidae) in the Southeastern Arabian Sea

Behaviour of short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846) (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Delphinidae) in the Southeastern Arabian Se

Renewed research focus on cephalopod resources in the Southern Ocean

Investigations of Southern Ocean cephalopods began with the pioneering expedition of HMS Challenger (Hoyle,1886) and Valdivia expedition conducted by Germany (Odhner, 1923). After the 1970s, there has been considerable research effort in cephalopod taxonomy and abundance all over the world. However, very little is known about the abundance and biodiversity of cephalopods in the Southern Ocean sector. Southern Ocean cephalopod fauna is distinctive, with high levels of endemism in the squid and play an important role, linking the abundant mesopelagic fish and crustaceans with higher predators such as albatross, seals and whales. Although not yet commercially exploited species of the family Ommastrephidae have high potential (Collins and Rodhouse, 2006)

Cephalopod Growth in the Fisheries Context In: ICAR Sponsored Winter School on Recent Advances in Fishery Biology Techniques for Biodiversity Evaluation and Conservation, 1-21 December 2018, Kochi.

Cephalopods comprising of squids, cuttlefish and octopus, have emerged as commercially important marine resources of the world. Cephalopod abundance has increased over the last six decades, resulting in quadrupling in landings from 1 to 4.71 million tonnes (2015). Many countries have initiated stock monitoring programs of this resource because of the increasing trends in their annual catches. The age composition and growth rate of fishery stocks are among the most important parameters for studying population biology, stock structure, life span and eventually for monitoring and managing the stocks appropriately

Occurrence of Loliolus hardwickei (Gray,1849) from southwest coast of India

A single specimen of the little Indian squid Loliolus hardwickei was caught by trawl net bythe research vessel “F.V Silver Pompano” on 18th March 2014. It was caught from waters off Cochin at a depth of about 20 m (09°58´30´´N;76°06´18´´E). The specimen was previously described as Loliolus investigatoris(Goodrich,1896). Nevertheless, it is now reported that Loliolus investigatoris is a junior synonym of Loliolus hardwickei.This species is known to inhabit estuarine and coastal waters to a maximum depth of 30 m (FAO species catalogue for Fishery purposes, Cephalopods of the World No.4, Vol.2, 2010). The current specimen was 56.8mm in length and had weight of 13.39 g

First record of the glass octopus Vitreledonella richardi (Cephalopoda: Vitreledonellidae) from the Arabian Sea

Background: Arabian Sea considered as one of the richest region of oceanic cephalopods. On conflicting information related to species diversity is still scare. Result: This work presents the first report of a paralarvae of glass octopus Vitreledonella richardi from the Arabian Sea. A single specimen was collected during dusk by Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl net on 28 February 2015. (Horizon of 150 m at 09° 52′ 30″ N; 73° 37′ 22″ E, bottom depth: 2005 m). A description of the specimen is provided. Conclusion: Record of this rare squid, from Arabian Sea is an addition to the cephalopod fauna of India

Rare observation of scar-bearing cuttlebone in a wild-caught Sepia pharaonis (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) from southeastern Arabian Sea

A rare observation of the severely fractured cum healing cuttlebone of wild-caught Sepia pharaonis is reported and discussed here. The observation showed that cuttlebone of one specimen was severely affected by scars. Scars were interpreted as oval-shaped teeth marks on the dorsal side having a diameter of 23 mm. Several other teeth marks (3-4 numbers) were also observed at the anterodorsal region. Fracture was completely healed at the dorsal side while fracture (19 mm length) was notable in posteroventral region. Inverted ‘V’shaped blackline was also observed on the posteroventral region. However, scar-bearing cuttlebones was more or less symmetrical with respect to the sagittal plane

Scope for light assisted fishing in Southeastern Arabian Sea

Scope for light assisted fishing in Southeastern Arabian Se

Occurrence of marine shells and fossilized fish vertebra from two inland sites in Vaikom, Kerala

Studies conducted by the Geological Survey of India published in the 1980s indicate several transgressions and regressions of sea along the coast of Kerala occurred during the Pleistocene and Holocene era corroborating the mythological concept of Kerala’s emergence from the sea

Sighting of the Short-finned pilot whale

A small pod of Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846) was observed during a fishing cruise of FV Silver Pompano on 19th April, 2015 for exploration of the oceanic squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Southern Arabian Sea