Impact of pelvic rocking exercise on dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls

Background: Pelvic rocking exercise is an exercise which contracts deep abdominal muscles and buttocks by taking deep breath, so that a small movement takes place inside the uterus. It is an exercise which strengthens the muscles of lower abdomen and back by taking deep breath. So that the pressure on blood vessels in the area around uterus is relieved. It helps to relieve menstrual discomfort through increased vasodilatation and subsequent decreased ischemia, release of endogenous opiates and suppression of prostaglandins. It is a non-pharmacological management of dysmenorrhea. It increases endorphin release which decreases pain perception and to suppress prostaglandin release. It is found to be effective in managing stress and is easy to practice. Present study aimed to evaluated the effectiveness of pelvic rocking exercise on dysmenorrhea. Methods: Pre- experimental one group pre-test post-test design has been used to attain the objectives of the present study. 60 adolescent girls were selected by non- probability purposive sampling technique. Sociodemographic variables, menstrual history related data was collected and standardized Numerical Pain Rating Scale was used to assess the level of dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls. Pelvic rocking exercise was the intervention done to evaluate its effect on the level of dysmenorrhea. Results: Out of total adolescent girls, majority had moderate level of dysmenorrhea. There was a significant difference between the pre and post- intervention level of dysmenorrhoea. Conclusions: Study concluded that the intervention of pelvic rocking exercise was significantly effective in reduction of dysmenorrhoea among the adolescent girls

Arp 65 interaction debris: massive HI displacement and star formation

Context: Pre-merger interactions between galaxies can induce significant changes in the morphologies and kinematics of the stellar and ISM components. Large amounts of gas and stars are often found to be disturbed or displaced as tidal debris. This debris then evolves, sometimes forming stars and occasionally tidal dwarf galaxies. Here we present results from our HI study of Arp 65, an interacting pair hosting extended HI tidal debris. Aims: In an effort to understand the evolution of tidal debris produced by interacting pairs of galaxies, including in situ star and tidal dwarf galaxy formation, we are mapping HI in a sample of interacting galaxy pairs. The Arp 65 pair is one of them. Methods: Our resolved HI 21 cm line survey is being carried out using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). We used our HI survey data as well as available SDSS optical, Spitzer infra-red and GALEX UV data to study the evolution of the tidal debris and the correlation of HI with the star-forming regions within it. Results: In Arp 65 we see a high impact pre-merger interaction involving a pair of massive galaxies (NGC 90 and NGC 93) that have a stellar mass ratio of ~ 1:3. The interaction, which probably occurred ~ 1.0 -- 2.5 $\times$ 10$^8$ yr ago, appears to have displaced a large fraction of the HI in NGC 90 (including the highest column density HI) beyond its optical disk. We also find extended ongoing star formation in the outer disk of NGC 90. In the major star-forming regions, we find the HI column densities to be ~ 4.7 $\times$ 10$^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ or lower. But no signature of star formation was found in the highest column density HI debris, SE of NGC 90. This indicates conditions within the highest column density HI debris remain hostile to star formation and it reaffirms that high HI column densities may be a necessary but not sufficient criterion for star formation.Comment: Accepted in A&

6-[(Dimethyl­amino)methyl­ene­amino]-1,3-dimethyl­pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione dihydrate

Uracil, the pyrimidine nucleobase, which combined with adenine forms one of the major motifs present in the biopolymer RNA, is also involved in the self-assembly of RNA. In the title compound, C9H14N4O2·2H2O, the asymmetric unit contains one dimethyl­amino­uracil group and two water mol­ecules. The plane of the N=C—NMe2 side chain is inclined at 27.6 (5)° to the plane of the uracil ring. Both water mol­ecules form O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl O atoms of the uracil group. Additional water–water hydrogen-bond inter­actions are also observed in the crystal structure. The O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network cage consisting of two dimethyl­amino­uracil groups and six water mol­ecules

Regional waveform calibration in the Pamir-Hindu Kush region

Twelve moderate-magnitude earthquakes (m_b 4–5.5) in the Pamir-Hindu Kush region are investigated to determine their focal mechanisms and to relocate them using their regional waveform records at two broadband arrays, the Kyrgyzstan Regional Network (KNET), and the 1992 Pakistan Himalayas seismic experiment array (PAKH) in northern Pakistan. We use the “cut-and-paste” source estimation technique to invert the whole broadband waveforms for mechanisms and depths, assuming a one-dimensional velocity model developed for the adjacent Tibetan plateau. For several large events the source mechanisms obtained agree with those available from the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) solutions. An advantage of using regional broadband waveforms is that focal depths can be better constrained either from amplitude ratios of Pnl to surface waves for crustal events or from time separation between the direct P and the shear-coupled P wave (sPn + sPmP) for mantle events. All the crustal events are relocated at shallower depths compared with their International Seismological Centre bulletin or Harvard CMT depths. After the focal depths are established, the events are then relocated horizontally using their first-arrival times. Only minor offsets in epicentral location are found for all mantle events and the bigger crustal events, while rather large offsets (up to 30 km) occur for the smaller crustal events. We also tested the performance of waveform inversion using only two broadband stations, one from the KNET array in the north of the region and one from the PAKH array in the south. We found that this geometry is adequate for determining focal depths and mechanisms of moderate size earthquakes in the Pamir-Hindu Kush region

Magnetized Plasma Sheath in the Presence of Negative Ions

The sheath formation in a weakly magnetized collisionless electronegative plasma consisting of electrons, negative and positive ions has been numerically investigated using the hydrodynamic equations. The electrons and negative ions are assumed to follow Boltzmann relation. A sheath formation criterion has been analytically derived. The paper focuses on studying the sheath structure by varying the electronegativity. It has been observed that the presence of negative ions has a substantial effect on the sheath structure. The observations made in the present work have profound significance on processing plasmas, especially in the semiconductor industry as well as in fusion studies

XRD and FT-IR investigations of sub-bituminous Assam coals

Two coal samples collected from Makum coal field, Assam, India were studied by XRD and FT-IR techniques. The X-ray diffractogram shows the existence of some crystalline carbons in Assam coals as proven by the appearance of peaks. The radial distribution functional (RDF) method was applied for the determination of structural aspects of the coals. The study indicates that the coals are lignite in type and there is no evidence of graphite-like structures. The maximum in the G(r) plots of function of radial distribution of atoms (FRDA) relates to different distances between carbon atoms of aliphatic chains. The first significant maximum relates to the C-C bond (type C-CH=CH-C), the second maximum relates to the distance between carbon atoms of aliphatic chains that are located across one carbon atom. The curve intensity profiles obtained from FRDA show quite regular molecular packets for this coal. The coals were found to be lignite in nature. FT-IR study shows the presence of aliphatic carbon, C=O and C-O stretching associated with -OH and -NH stretching vibrations. Kaolinite and quartz were also found to be major minerals in Assam coals by FTIR spectroscopy. The difference in intensities of carbonyl groups of the coal samples is likely to relate with the rank. © Indian Academy of Sciences