Cytotoxicity of extract of Malaysian Mitragyna Speciosa Korth and its dominant Alkaloid Mitragynine

Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Kratom), a herb of the Rubiaceae family is indigenous in southeast Asia mainly in Malaysia and Thailand. It is used as an opium substitute and has been increasingly abused by drug addicts in Malaysia. Recently, the potent analgesic effect of plant extract and its dominant alkaloid mitragynine (MIT) were confirmed in vivo and in vitro. MIT acted primarily on μ- and δ-opioid receptors, suggesting that MIT or similar compounds could be promising alternatives for future pain management treatments. However the potential cytotoxicity of this plant is unknown. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of methanol-chloroform extract (MSE) and MIT on human cell lines (HepG2, HEK 293, MCL-5, cHol and SH-SY5Y cells) has been examined. MSE appeared to exhibit dose-dependant inhibition of cell proliferation in all cell lines examined, at concentration > 100 μg/ml with substantial cell death at 1000 μg/ml. SH-SY5Y was the most sensitive cell line examined. MIT showed a similar response. Clonogenicity assay was performed to assess the longer- term effects of MSE and MIT. The colony forming ability of HEK 293 and SH-SY5Y cells was inhibited in a dose-dependant manner. Involvement of metabolism in cytotoxicity was further assessed by clonogenicity assay using rat liver S9 (induced by Arochlor 1254); toxicity increased 10-fold in both cell lines. To determine if cytotoxicity was accompanied by DNA damage, the Mouse lymphoma tk gene mutation assay was used. The results were negative for both MSE and MIT. Studies on the involvement of metabolism in cytotoxicity of MSE and MIT were performed using MCL-5 and it appeared that CYP 2E1 is involved in activation of cytotoxicity. Studies with opioid antagonists were performed using SH-SY5Y cells treated with MSE and MIT. Naloxone (μ and δ receptor antagonists), naltrindole (δ receptor antagonist) and cyprodime hydrobromide (μ receptor antagonist) confirmed that MSE cytotoxicity was associated with μ and δ receptor while MIT mainly acted on μ receptor. Studies on mechanism of MSE and MIT cytotoxicity showed that cell death observed at high dose was preceded by cell cycle arrest, however MSE cell arrest was independent of p53 and p21 while MIT showed opposite result. Studies have been undertaken to examine the nature of this cell death. Morphological examinations showed that cell death induced by MSE was cell type dependant, in which SH-SY5Y cells appeared to die via apoptosis-like cell death while HEK 293 and MCL-5 cells predominantly via necrosis. Biochemical assessments confirmed that MSE induced cell death independent of p53 or caspases pathway while MIT cell death appeared to be associated with p53 and caspases pathway. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in MSE and MIT mediating cell death was performed using SH-SY5Y cells. The results appeared negative for both MSE and MIT treated cells. Collectively, the findings of these studies suggest that MSE and its dominant alkaloid MIT produced cytotoxicity effects at high dose. Thus, the consumption of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves may pose harmful effects to users if taken at high dose and the evidence for involvement of CYP 2E1 in increasing the MSE cytotoxicity suggests that caution may be required if the leaves are to be taken with CYP 2E1 inducers

Potential Contribution of Sharia Micro Financing on Poverty Reduction in Slum Communities in Makassar

Poverty is a problem faced by many countries. A country that has a high number of poor people, will always face various cases as a result of poverty, namely low education, high unemployment, health problems, criminal cases and prone to security problems. That is because the poor people not only lack money, but also do not have access to health services, food and education, so they are vulnerable to illness, malnutrition, and unable to get a good education. Considering its impact on people\u27s lives, it is deemed necessary to take actions that can reduce poverty. Governments in many countries and International institutions have also sought to help the poor throughout the world, through microfinance programs. This effort has succeeded in reducing poverty at the global level. On the other hand, poverty is still quite high. The dependence of the poor on poverty alleviation programs from the government often leads to community dependence on the government. They are just waiting for help to stay alive, so they cannot get out of the cycle of poverty. Therefore, in efforts to alleviate poverty, the important thing to do by the government and institutions involved in poverty reduction is to encourage the independence of the poor so that they can get out of the poverty circle by their own efforts. One effort to encourage the independence of the poor is to provide capital so that they can build their own business activities. In some circumstances, microfinance can be a strategy to provide a way out for the poor to escape poverty. This study aims to identify the potential contribution of Islamic microfinance to reduce poverty in slums in Makassar. The method used in this study is qualitative, in which data are collected through in-depth interviews with slum communities who have not been touched by access to financial institutions. Other interviews were conducted with the management of Islamic microfinance institutions. Interviews found that urban communities living in slums wanted to access financial institutions, but did not have the opportunity. While from the LKMS, it was stated that there are many financing programs provided for the poor. This shows that the opportunity to reduce poverty is very good with the large potential contribution of LKMS in encouraging the independence of the poor through business activities

Efektivitas Suplementasi Pil Besi Dua Kali Seminggu dan Satu Kali Sehari pada Ibu Hamil

Telah dilakukan penelitian ujicoba penyederhaan suplementasi pil besi dua kali seminggu pada ibu hamil dibandingkan dengan supplementasi pil besi setiap hari dengan dosis yang sama. Penelitian dilakukan di 16 desa, 8 desa di Propinsi Jawa Barat dan 8 desa di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Secara rabdom dibagi menjadi 2 wilayah penelitian yaitu 8 desa pelakuan dan 8 desa kontrol. Di wilayah perlakuan ibu hamil memperoleh supplementasi pil besi 2 x seminggu dan wilayah kontrol ibu hamil memperoleh supplementasi seperti biasa yaitu minum setiap hari. Subjek penelitian adalah ibu hamil dengan umur kehamilan 3-6 bulan. Di wilayah perlakuan diperoleh ibu hamil sebanyak 129 orang dan di wilayah kontrol diperoleh 132 orang. Dosis pil besi yang diberikan adalah pil besi fero sulfat dengan kandungan besi 60 mg dan 0.25 mg asam folat. Supplementasi pil besi diberikan selama 3 bulan (14 minggu). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) jumlah pil besi yang diminum ibu hamil di wilayah perlakuan sebanyak 22 pil dan wilayah kontrol 51 pil, 2) supplementasi pil besi dua kali seminggu dapat meningkatkan kadar Hb ibu hamil sebesar 0.4±0.628 g/dl dan dapat meningkatkan kadar Hb ibu hamil (khusus yang anemia) sebesar 0.5±0.802 g/dl 3) supplementasi pil besi setiap hari dapat meningkatkan kadar Hb ibu hamil sebesar 0.5±0.561 g/dl dan dapat meningkatkan kadar Hb ibu hamil (khusus yang anemia) sebesar 0.6±0.541 g/dl, 4) supplementasi pil besi dua kali seminggu dan setiap hari selama 14 minggu belum dapat meningkatkan cadangan besi dalam tubuh, dan 5) dilihat dari kenaikan kadar Hb ibu hamil supplementasi pil besi dua kali seminggu sama efektifnya dengan supplementasi pil besi setiap hari

Hubungan Keadaan Geografi dan Lingkungan dengan Gangguan Akibat Kurang Yodium (Gaky)

Information on the geography and environment: the use of fish poison and food containing goitrogenic substance, the use of pesticide on agriculture and environment contamination of lead and mercury in relation to Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are discussed in this paper. Geography location is grouped into 3 categories i.e. highland area, lowland area and swampy land areas. Goitre prevalence in highland, lowland and swampy areas were 30.3%, 8.7%, and 2.8% respectively. The goitre prevalence (8.7%) in lowland areas showed that there are pockets of goitre areas. In some coastal areas, fishermen use fish poison to kill certain fish to save the growth of milkjish from disturbance. If one consumed the death fish the level of chloride in blood will increase and will reduce the bio-synthesis of thyroxine (T4) hormone. That is why cases of goitre were found in coastal areas. Value of urinary thiocynates can be used as indicator that one consumes goitrogenic substances i.e. cyanates. Detoxification process of cyanates produces thiocyanates. If one consumes sufficient protein containing sulphurous the cyanates will convert into thiocyanates. The use of pesticide on agriculture could be decreased the hormone cholinesterase. As goitrogenic substance residu of pesticide will lead to delay the biosynthesis of thyroxine (T4) hormone. Research findings indicated that in lowland area of East Java that blood lead level was associated with hypothyroidism. It is assumed that contamination of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in water come from residual industry. It was reported from another research in Yogyakarta that women lived in urban area who was exposured by Pb in gas emission of motor-vehicle had relatively risk suffering from hypothyroidism 4 times than those of not contaminated

Quarterly Reports Quality: Evidence From Earnings Deviation Between Audited Annual Financial Statements And Cumulative Quarterly Reports.

Banyak negara mengkehendaki syarikat tersenarai untuk menerbitkan akaun suku tahunan. Objektifnya ialah untuk menyediakan maklumat yang lebih tepat pada masanya. Walaubagaimanapun, kebimbangan terhadap kualiti akaun tersebut seringkali dibangkitkan kerana tidak perlu diaudit. Many countries have required listed companies to publish quarterly accounts. The objective is to provide more timely information. However, concern has been raised on the quality of the accounts since they are not required to be audited

Pengaruh Pemberian Pil Besi dengan Penambahan Vitamin terhadap Perubahan Kadar Hb dan Feritin Serum pada Wanita Remaja

Prevalensi anemia pada wanita usia remaja di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi. Upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan anemia yang selama ini dilakukan lebih ditujukan terhadap kelompok ibu hamil. Upaya pencegahan anemia secara dini pada wanita remaja sebagai calon ibu belum banyak mendapat perhatian. Penelitian terdahulu mengungkapkan prevalensi anemia pada siswi beberapa SMA di wilayah Kabupaten Bogor (tahun 1991) berkisar antara 23.0% - 34.7%, sedangkan di Kabupaten Bandung (tahun 1996) sekisar 41.0%. Dalam rangka upaya penanggulangan masalah anemia pada kelompok wanita remaja telah dilakukan penelitian “Efektifitas Supplementasi Pil Besi Satu Kali Seminggu Dalam Penanggulangan Masalah Anemia Pada Kelompok Wanita Remaja”. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh pemberian pil besi tanpa dan dengan penambahan vitamin A atau vitamin C terhadap Perubahan kadar Hb dan feritin serum. Sebanyak 175 siswi Sekolah Menengah Umum Negeri (SMUN) Majalaya dan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) kelompok pariwisata negeri Cimahi, Kabupaten Bandung berpartisipasi sebagai sampel, dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok. Seluruh kelompok sampel pada awal penelitian lebih dahulu diberi obat cacing merek Vermos dosis tunggal 500 mg membendazol. Selanjutnya kelompok I sebanyak 49 siswi diberi minum satu pil besi (sulfas ferosus, 60 mg Fe), kelompok II sebanyak 46 siswi diberi satu pil besi ditambah vitamin A (12.000 SI), kelompok III sebanyak 40 siswi diberi satu pil besi ditambah vitamin C (150 mg) per orang per minggu. Kelompk IV (kontrol) sebanyak 40 siswi hanya mendapat obat cacing pada awal penelitian. Pil besi baru diberikan setelah waktu penelitian berakhir. Setelah intervensi berlangsung selama 13 minggu, dilakukan evaluasi. Terjadi kenaikan kadar Hb pada kelompok I, II dan III masing-masing sebesar 0.39 g/dl, 0.45 g/dl dan 0.68 g/dl, sedangkan pada kelompok IV terjadi penurunan kadar Hb sebesar 0.26 g/dl. Kenaikan kadar Hb pada kelompok I, II dan III lebih tinggi secara bermakna daripada kelompok I (p<0.05). Hal yang serupa juga terjadi pada kenaikan nilai Ht. Terjadi kenaikan kadar feritin serum pada keempat kelompok sampel, tetapi kenaikannya tidak bermakna (p>0.05). Dari data yang ditemukan di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa supplementasi satu butir pil besi (60 mg Fe) ditambah dengan vitamin C 150 mg per minggu menunjukkan pengaruh yang paling efektif menaikkan kadar Hb, tetapi belum dapat meningkatkan cadangan tubuh secara nyata

Transmission properties of acousto optic material

Laser beam can be modulated by acousto optic modulator using a suitable acousto optic material. UV-VIS Spectrophotometer was utilized to investigate the transmission spectrum of two non linear acousto optic materials that are lithium niobate and fused quartz. From the spectrum it shows that transmittance for fused quartz and lithium niobate were 90% and 68% respectively. The absorption coefficient ? is calculated and plotted versus photon energy. It was found that ? increases linearly with photon energy in the range of 3.50 eV to 4.0 eV for fused quartz and 3.15 eV to 4.0 eV for lithium niobate. The estimated optical energy band gap was 2.97 eV for lithium niobate and 3.69 for fused quartz. From the transmission properties obtained in this study, it can be summarized that fused quartz is a better choice to be an acousto optic material

Audit Committee Characteristics And Quality Of Unaudited Financial Accounts

Pelaporan kewangan digunakan di dalam proses membuat keputusan ekonomi. Since financial reporting is widely used in the process of making economic decision, it is vital for financial reporting to provide the truthfulness of information

Kandungan Kolesterol dalam Berbagai Bahan Makanan Hewani

The risk of consuming large quantities of food containing cholesterol has been widely known by the community. However, information concerning cholesterol content in a variety of foods originating from animal tissue is not very well known. By knowing the cholesterol content of food products, people could restrict or prevent their consumption of high cholesterol food and select foods with a low cholesterol content. The cholesterol content of various foods originating from animal tissues, such as beef, mutton, broiler and domestic chicken meat, entrails (liver, heart, kidney and intestines), skin, tail part and eggs and fish (salt water and fresh water) had been investigated. Cholesterol content was analysed using David Sleighton's method, which was a modification from Abell et. al. The study revealed that the cholesterol content of every 100 g wet weight meat of domestic chiken was similar to that of broiler chicken, 116 mg and 110 mg respectively. Cholesterol content of broiler chiken entrails was higher than that of domestic chicken. The highest cholesterol content of broiler chicken entrails was liver (529 mg/100 g) and the lowest was heart (171 mg/100 g), while for domestic chicken, the highest was kidney (336 mg/100 g) and the lowest was heart (164 mg/100 g). Egg yolk cholesterol content of domestic chicken was 922 mg/100 g nearly two folds of broiler chicken's egg which was 485 mg/100 g. The highest content of cholesterol among salt water animals was shrimp (179 mg/100 g) and the lowest was pomfret (97 mg/100 g), while for fresh water fishes the highest was catfish (94 mg/100 g) and the lowest was mujair (52 mg/100 g)