COCONUT MILK MODULATE THE ANTIGENICITY OF ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN IN BALB/C MICE

Objective: The aim of this work was to study the biochemical characteristics of coconut milk and its antigenic effect on the Balb/c mice immunized with α-lactalbumin protein, as well as its consequences on the structure of the intestinal epithelium.Methods: To achieve the objective of the study, an electrophoresis was realised on a polyacrylamide gel to determine various proteins contained in coconut milk. In addition, Lowry's method was used to determine the amount of proteins in the formula. The antigenicity of coconut milk in sera was also studied using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. For the histological study, 21 w-old mice Balb/c were used and distributed in three groups of 7 mice each. Group 1, received a standard feed with no treatment (Negative control), group 2 and 3 received respectively a standard feed (Positive control) and coconut milk for a period of 28 d after being immunized with α- lactalbumin.Results: Analysis of the data revealed that the rate of proteins of cow's milk is higher than that of the coconut milk ( p0.01). However, after carrying out the electrophoresis analysis, the coconut milk showed the absence of intact proteins. The anti α-Lactalbumin IgG titers significantly increased in positive control groups that received coconut milk (p<0.0001). Moreover, there was an increase of the intestinal villi height of mice fed with coconut milk, in the structure level of their intestinal epithelium compared to the negative control group.Conclusion: The findings of the study provide the evidence that coconut milk is a possible alternative to the cow's milk formula in case of allergy

Alternativno liječenje mastitisa krava

The treatment of mastitis is based mainly on the use of antibiotics. However, in recent times, an increase in resistance phenomena and the presence of residues in milk and their derivatives has been reported. Few studies have focused on the treatment of mastitis by homeopathy elsewhere or in Algeria. The objective of this current study aimed to clarify in particular the interest of homeopathy in the treatment of mastitis. The study was carried out on two dairy farms on a total of 14 cows located in Laghouat region (southern Algeria). Before the start of the experiment, a tolerance test was performed on two cull cows free from any apparent infection (except mastitis). Local and general reactions were noted at specific times. A total of 31 mammary quarters received 4 intramammary injections of a homeopathic preparation containing several natural products every 12h over 48h. A clinical examination and an analysis of the milk samples on D0, D7 and D14 were performed on all cows and the conclusion was made on the day 14. Data showed a very good tolerance to the homeopathic preparation and a 75% cure rate of the clinical mastitis. An improvement with a decrease in CMT score was also noted. In addition, healing rates of 51.85% for subclinical mastitis on D7 and 59.29% on D14 were also reported. Ultimately, homeopathy could, in some cases, represent an alternative to antibiotic therapy and bring an advantage to breeders. Further investigations should be performed in the future.Liječenje mastitisa uglavnom se temeljina uporabi antibiotika. Međutim, u novije vrijeme, postoje izvještaji o povećanju fenomena otpornosti i o prisutnosti rezidua u mlijeku i mliječnim prerađevinama. Nekoliko studija usredotočilo se na liječenje mastitisa pomoću homeopatije širom svijeta kao i u Alžiru. Cilj ove studije posebno je bio pojasniti primjenjivost homeopatije u liječenju mastitisa. Rad je proveden na dvije farme mlijeka na sveukupno 14 krava u regiji Laghouat (jug Alžira). Prije početka eksperimenta, obavljeno je ispitivanje tolerancije na dvije krave izdvojene za klanje bez ikakve očite infekcije [osim mastitisa]. U određeno vrijeme zamijećene su lokalne i opće reakcije. Ukupno 31 mamitska regija zaprimila je 4 intramamarne injekcije homeopatskog preparata koji sadrži nekoliko prirodnih proizvoda svakih 12 sati tijekom razdoblja od 48 sati. Obavljen je klinički pregled i analiza uzoraka mlijeka na dan D0, D7 i D14 na svim kravama te je donesena odluka na 14. dan. Podatci su pokazali vrlo dobru toleranciju homeopatskog preparata i izlječenje 75% kliničkog mastitisa. Zamijećeno je i poboljšanje sa smanjenjem CMT bodova. Uz to, prijavljena je i stopa ozdravljenja od 51,85% za supklinički mastitis na dan D7 i od 59,29% na dan D14. U konačnici, homeoterapija bi, u nekim slučajevima, mogla predstavljati alternativu antibiotskoj terapiji i osigurati prednosti za uzgajivače. Potrebno je obaviti dodatna ispitivanja u budućnosti

EFFECT OF HYDROLYZED RICE FORMULA ON INTESTINAL STRUCTURE OF BALB/C MICE IMMUNIZED WITH COW'S MILK PROTEINS

Objective: In the last few years a new preparation with hydrolyzed rice proteins was introduced and marketed as auseful alternative in the cases of cow's milk allergy.The objective of our work is to study the consequences of hydrolyzed rice formula on the structure ofthe intestinal epithelium.Methods: For the histological study, we have used 4 weeks old 60 female mice Balb/c, weighting (19.50 ± 0.25) gand distributed as follow:Group 1A: 10 mice receiving hydrolyzed rice formulafor a period of 28 days after being immunized withnative ß-Lg.Group 1B: 10 mice continue receiving a standard feed for a period of 28 days after being immunized with native ß-Lg (Positive control).Group 2C: 10 mice receiving hydrolyzed rice formulafor a period of 28 days after being immunized withα-La protein.Group 2D: 10 mice continue receiving a standard feed for a period of 28 days after being immunized with α-La protein (Positive control).Group 3: 20 mice receiving just a standard feed with no treatment (Negative control).Results: The weight growth of all the experimental groups increases gradually with time, but the consumption ofthe hydrolyzed rice proteinscauses a decrease of the degree of evolution of thephysical weight to mice fed with this infantile formula compared with control groups. It alsocauses an increase of the intestinal villi height at the structure level of the intestinal mucous membrane of mice fed with hydrolyzed rice proteinscompared to the positive control groups. The lymphocytic infiltration of mice fed with hydrolyzed riceproteins is similar to the one in negativecontrol group.Conclusion: The preliminary results show that the hydrolyzed rice formula is a possible alternative to the cow’s milk formula in case of allergy. Further studies are needed to prove its nutritionalefficacy

ANTIGENICITY OF HYDROLYZED RICE FORMULA IN ANIMAL MODEL (BALB/C MICE)

Objective: The hydrolyzed formulas of bovine proteins used in the cow's milk allergy treatment contain peptides which can preserve their allergenicity. These last years, a new preparation with hydrolyzed rice proteins was marketed and could establish a useful alternative in the cases of cow's milk allergy. The objective of our work is to study the biochemical characteristics of an infantile formula based on hydrolyzed rice and its antigenic effect on the Balb/c mice immunized with α-La protein. Methods: In our work, we have realized an electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel to determine various proteins which compose this infantile formula. Lowry's method is used to determine the amount of proteins in the formula. Our work has also allowed us to study the antigenicity of the hydrolyzed rice formula using ELISA method by the use of Balb/c mice serum. Results: Our results have shown that The electrophoresis analysis of the hydrolyzed rice formula has shown the absence of protein bands and consequently the lack of intact proteins in the formula. The protein content of the hydrolyzed rice formula is close to the breast milk protein concentration which is adapted to the needs of the infant. The hydrolyzed rice formula reacts very weakly with the anti α±-La IgG. Conclusion: The commercial hydrolyzed rice formula can be adapted to cover the needs of the infant. This infantile formula was treated by technological methods to reduce the antigenic potential to prevent Allergy

A Study of Ethno-Veterinary Medicinal Plants and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities Against Bovine Mastitis Isolated Bacterial Pathogens in Algeria

Bovine mastitis is the most serious dairy problem in terms of economic losses to the dairy industry. In Algeria, dominates as one of the most prevalent diseases in dairy cattle among the dairy farms. Mastitis treatment with antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotic resistant strains and consumer health problem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a major health issue. With new generations of virulence and resistant bacteria, we need to improve our understanding and produce novel techniques to control these pathogenic strains. In our study, the activity of several extracts from seven medicinal plants, namely Mentha pulegium, Lavandula dentate, Origanium sp, Marrubium vulgare, Salvia bicolor, Blackstonia perfoliata, and Phlomis crinita, traditionally used in Algeria was investigated against 26 methicillin resistant staphylococci and multi-resistant Escherichia coli. (E.coli) isolated from animals with mastitis manifestation by the disc diffusion method.Results revealed the potential of extracts of Salvia bicolor, Marrubium vulgare and Phlomis crinita as antibacterial agents against strains isolated from bovine mastitis and support the possible use of these phytotherapic agents in the clinical management of the disease. Further studies into their toxicity and phytochemistry are advocated

Istraživanje prisutnosti proizvodnje sluzi, VanA gena i gena za rezistenciju na antiseptike u stafilokoka izoliranih iz goveđeg mastitisa u Alžiru

Staphylococcus strains are frequently associated with clinical and subclinical bovine intra-mammary infection. The virulence factors of staphylococcus have not been widely studied in Algeria. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of slime production, VanA gene and antiseptic resistance genes in staphylococci strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Algeria. The study examined 35 Staphylococci strains obtained from the inflammatory secretion of mammary glands of cows with mastitis. Slime production was determined by detecting the icaA and icaD genes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and Congo red agar (CRA) method. The presence of qacAB and qac C antiseptic resistance genes and the VanA resistance gene in these isolates was investigated by PCR. The results of the current study revealed that of the 35 Staphylococci isolates, 42.85% (15/35) and 17.14% (6/35) of the isolates harboured the slime production gene by analysing icaA and icaD genes, respectively and 71.42% (25/35) by the CRA method. However, VanA and antiseptic resistance genes (qacAB and qac C) were not detected in any of the isolates. Therefore, the majority of Staphylococcus strains were capable of producing slime, and the CRA detection rate was higher than the PCR method for the biofilm-producing capacity of Staphylococcus strains. Thus, the presence of the ica genes in Staphylococcus strains confirms its role as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.Sojevi stafilokoka često su povezani s kliničkim i supkliničkim intramamarnim infekcijama goveda. Faktori virulencije stafilokoka nisu dobro istraženi u Alžiru. Cilj ove studije bio je odrediti učestalost proizvodnje sluzi, VanA gena i gena za rezistenciju na antiseptike u sojevima stafilokoka izoliranih iz goveđeg mastitisa u Alžiru. Istraživanja su obuhvatila 35 soja stafilokoka dobivenih iz upalnog sekreta mliječnih žlijezda krava s mastitisom. Proizvodnja sluzi ustvrđena je metodom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) istraživanjem ıcaA i ıcaD gena, odnosno metodom s Kongo crvenim agarom (CRA). Prisutnost qacAB i qac C gena za rezistenciju na antiseptike i VanA gena za rezistenciju u tim izolatima ispitana je pomoću PCR. Rezultati ove studije otkrili su da je od 35 izolata stafilokoka, 42,85 % (15/35) i 17,4 % (6/35) sadržavalo gen za proizvodnju sluzi putem analize ıcaA i ıcaD gena, odnosno 71,42 % (25/35) CRA metodom. Međutim, VanA i geni za rezistenciju na antiseptike (qacAB i qac C) nisu detektirani niti u jednom izolatu. Stoga se iz podataka može zaključiti da je većina sojeva stafilokoka bila sposobna proizvoditi sluz, a detekcija CRA metodom je bila više od PCR metode za kapacitet proizvodnje biofilma sojeva stafilokoka. Stoga, prisutnost ica u sojevima stafilokoka potvrđuje njegovu ulogu kao faktora virulentnosti u patogenezi goveđeg mastitisa

Gastrointestinalni paraziti deva na jugu Alžira

This study aimed to identify gastrointestinal parasites in camels (Camelus dromaderius) in the Laghouat region (southern Algeria). The study was carried out over a 5-month period on a total of 100 dromedaries. Dung samples were analysed using different methods such as flotation, sedimentation, and Ziehel-Neelsen staining for research of the cryptosporidiosis. Data showed an overall infestation rate of 78%, with the presence of the following parasites: Cryptosporidium spp. (60%), Nematodes: Nematodirus spp. (23%), Strongyloides spp. (4%), Marshallagia spp. (2%), and Cooperia spp. (3%), different protozoaires: Eimeria spp. (20%), Neobalantidium spp. (2%), and Balantidium coli, cestodes (6%), Moniezia spp. (3%), Multicips spp. (2%), Diphillobothrium spp. (1%), and trematodes: Fasciola hépatica (4%) and Paramphistomum spp. (1%). The results showed a significant influence of study site on the parasitic infestation rate (P=0.039). Other factors (sex, age and clinical aspect) had no significant influence. To conclude, gastrointestinal parasites are a major problem of indigenous camels under traditional husbandry. Therefore, parasite control programmes are recommended to increase the productivity of this useful animal.Ova je studija imala za cilj identificirati gastrointestinalne parazite deva (Camelus dromaderius) u regiji Laghouat na jugu Alžira. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom razdoblja od 5 mjeseci na 100 jednogrbih deva. Uzorci su analizirani koproskopijom uporabom različitih metoda: flotacije, sedimentacije i Ziehel-Neelsen bojenja za pretragu kriptosporida. Podatci su pokazali sveukupnu stopu infestacije od 78 %. Ova je studija otkrila prisutnost sljedećih parazita: Cryptosporidium spp. (60 %), oblića: Nematodirus spp. (23 %), Strongyloides spp. (4 %), Marshallagia spp. (2 %), i Cooperia spp. (3 %), različitih protozoa: Eimeria spp. (20 %), Neobalantidium spp. (2 %), i Balantidium coli. Ostali paraziti zamijećeni u ovom radu su: trakavice (6 %), Moniezia spp. (3 %), Multiceps spp. (2 %), Diphillobothrium sp. (1 %), metilji: Fasciola hépatica (4 %), Paramphistomum spp. (1 %). Rezultati su pokazali značajan utjecaj lokacije studije na stopu infestacije parazitima (P=0,039). Ostali čimbenici (spol, dob i klinički aspekt) nisu imali značajniji utjecaj. Rezultati našeg istraživanja su pokazali da su gastrointestinalni paraziti veliki problem autohtonih deva u tradicionalnom stočarstvu, stoga se preporučuju programi kontrole parazita za povećanje produktivnosti ovih korisnih životinja

First incursion and evolution of foot and mouth disease during 2018-2019 outbreaks in Ghardaia district, Algeria

FMD was notified in 1999 following the appearance of several outbreaks in Algeria. Since then, Algeria has regularly vaccinated cattle, but this did not prevent the reintroduction of the disease in 1014. Since then, outbreaks have been regularly declared across the country. Our study looks at the occurrence of outbreaks in the district of Ghardaïa during the period August 2018 to April 2019 where symptoms were observed in cattle and small ruminants. The aim of this work  is to study the factors that condition the survival of FMDV such as season, average temperature, relative humidity or type of farming.  Our results show that, the greatest number of outbreaks was notified between December and February. Number of outbreaks was more observed during the winter, when average temperatures recorded vary between 12°C and 14°C because low temperatures allow the survival of the virus in aerosol at 20°C. The results show also that the high number of outbreaks was observed at relative humidity (RH) levels around 54%. The intensive mode leads to an increase in contagiousness and consequently to the explosion of outbreaks expressed by a rate of 91.5%.  Regarding the mortality rates, the results obtained showed that no mortality (0%) was observed in cattle, while it has been registered in sheep with a rate of 58.3% and 22.6% in goats. Concerning vaccination, cattle and small ruminants were vaccinated while sheep and goat were never vaccinated against FMD in the past

A thirteen week ad libitum administration toxicity study of tartrazine in Swiss mice

Tartrazine is a colorant widely used in food products, drugs and cosmetics. The current study evaluates the effect of sub-chronic ingestion of tartrazine in drinking water at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.45, 1 and 2.5% for 13 weeks in mice. Our results show that female body weight gain and food consumption decreased in all treated groups, while fluid consumption increased. The red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit were increased in male 2.5% treated groups and the white blood cell count decreased in all treated groups. In both sexes of the 2.5% doses groups, total proteins, albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminases were higher. Histological examinations showed brain, liver and kidney damages in animals treated with 1 and 2.5% doses. We concluded that at doses of 1 and 2.5% in drinking water, tartrazine induces weight depression and adverse effects on brain, liver and kidney.Keywords: Tartrazine, subchronic toxicity, hematology, biochemical parameters, histology.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(28), pp. 4519-452