Simulation‐Based Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad-­Hoc Network

Wireless ad-hoc networks have recently gained significant research attention due to their vast potential of applications in numerous fields. Multihop routing is a significantly important aspect which determines, to a large extend, the overall performance of the network. A number of routing protocols have been proposed for routing in wireless ad-hoc networks with focus on optimizing different aspects of the network routing. This report focuses on studying two popular protocols for wireless networks: Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR). The two protocols belong to different classes of routing categorization. AODV is a popular on-demand (reactive) routing protocol whereas the OLSR is a popular link-state based proactive routing protocol. The technical aspects of the two protocols shall be studied while highlighting the differences between the two and simulation based performance comparison of the two protocols shall be carried out under varying traffic and network conditions using the Network Simulator.This thesis is mainly divided into ten chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the topic with the detailed discussion of MANET. Chapter 2 presents the background of our work and types of wireless networks and some part of related work. Chapter 3 gives the theoretical background and concepts of the ad-hoc mobile network routing protocols i.e., reactive and proactive routing protocols. Chapter 4 presents the implementation details and the simulation modeling of ad-hoc network. Chapter 5 is about evaluation metrics: throughput, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, packet loss, packet delivery percentage. Chapter 6 presents the description and motivation about scenarios. Chapter 7 gives the theoretical background about the convergence and loop freeness of OLSR and AODV routing protocol. The analysis along with the simulation results of all the focused routing protocols presented in chapter 8. The conclusion and future work is presented in chapter 9, and chapter 10 presents the appendix

Simulation‐Based Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad-­Hoc Network

Wireless ad-hoc networks have recently gained significant research attention due to their vast potential of applications in numerous fields. Multihop routing is a significantly important aspect which determines, to a large extend, the overall performance of the network. A number of routing protocols have been proposed for routing in wireless ad-hoc networks with focus on optimizing different aspects of the network routing. This report focuses on studying two popular protocols for wireless networks: Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR). The two protocols belong to different classes of routing categorization. AODV is a popular on-demand (reactive) routing protocol whereas the OLSR is a popular link-state based proactive routing protocol. The technical aspects of the two protocols shall be studied while highlighting the differences between the two and simulation based performance comparison of the two protocols shall be carried out under varying traffic and network conditions using the Network Simulator.This thesis is mainly divided into ten chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the topic with the detailed discussion of MANET. Chapter 2 presents the background of our work and types of wireless networks and some part of related work. Chapter 3 gives the theoretical background and concepts of the ad-hoc mobile network routing protocols i.e., reactive and proactive routing protocols. Chapter 4 presents the implementation details and the simulation modeling of ad-hoc network. Chapter 5 is about evaluation metrics: throughput, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, packet loss, packet delivery percentage. Chapter 6 presents the description and motivation about scenarios. Chapter 7 gives the theoretical background about the convergence and loop freeness of OLSR and AODV routing protocol. The analysis along with the simulation results of all the focused routing protocols presented in chapter 8. The conclusion and future work is presented in chapter 9, and chapter 10 presents the appendix

Optimization and validation of a fast RPâHPLC method for the determination of dobutamine in rat plasma: Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy rat subjects

A novel isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPâHPLC) with photo diode array (PDA) detection method for the determination of dobutamine (DBT) in rat plasma was developed and validated after optimization of various chromatographic conditions and other experimental parameters. Homoveratrylamine was used as an internal standard. Methanol was used as the extracting solvent for the preparation of plasma samples. Samples were separated on a Symmetry C18 (250 mmÃ4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) analytical column. Acetonitrile and 15 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 5.0 with 0.3% TEA) (20:80, v/v) was used. The column oven temperature was optimized at 35 °C and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. The detection wavelength was fixed at 230 nm for entire analysis. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the concentration range of 50â2000 ng/mL (r2=0.9992). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 50 ng/mL. The % RSD values of accuracy and precision values for intra and inter days were <15% at quality control (QC) concentrations. Recovery, stability and robustness were studied within the acceptable range according to ICH guidelines. The method was efficiently applied to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Wistar rats. Keywords: Dobutamine, RPâHPLC, Validation, Rat plasma, Pharmacokinetic

Caking Ability Tests for Coal Blends in Process to Utilize the Indian Origin Coals

The idea of this paper is to properly utilize Indian low-rank coking coal (semi-coking coal) with the blending of high-rank imported coals and to reduce the overall cost of coke making. The blending of the coals has been done in two phases. Effect of blending mass ratio on the swelling index and plasticity parameters has been studied. The effect of maceral content, vitrinite reflectance, and volatile matter content on the caking ability of coals has been studied. Blended sample analysis shows that there is an abrupt drop in the fluidity of the samples compared to the original coals; there is no proper relation between the fluidity and swelling index of the coal blends. Phase 1 coal blends show better results compared to phase 2 samples. Crucible swelling number values for blend 1 and blend 3 from phase 1 are 6 and 4.5, respectively. To validate the swelling number, coke strength after reaction (CSR) and coke reactivity index (CRI) tests have been done for blend 1 and blend 3 coals from phase 1. CSR, CRI for blend 1 and blend 3 samples are 22.18, 71.30 and 23.79, 70.75, respectively

Computational Protein Phenotype Characterization of IL10RA Mutations Causative to Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

The deleterious amino acid substitution mutations in IL-10 receptor alpha gene are most frequently reported in several autoimmune diseases including early onset-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the important role of IL-10 RA in maintaining immune homeostasis, the specific structural and functional implications of these mutations on protein phenotype, stability, ligand binding and post translational characteristics is not well explored. Therefore, this study performed the multidimensional computational analysis of IL10RA missense variations causative to pediatric or early onset inflammatory bowel disease (&lt;5 years of age). Our computational algorithmic screening identified the deleterious nature of p. W45G, p. Y57C, p. W69G, p.T84I, p.Y91C, p.R101W, p.R117C, and p.R117H, IBD causative IL10-RA mutations. The sensitivity and specificity analysis of different computational methods showed that CADD outperform SIFT, PolyPhen 2.0, FATHMM, LRT, MetaLR, MetaSVM, PROVEAN and Condel in predicting the pathogenicity of IL10RA mutations. Our three-dimensional protein modeling assays showed that the point mutations cause major drifts in the structural plasticity of IL10 RA molecule and negatively influence its stability. Findings from molecular docking analysis have shown that these point mutations decrease the binding affinity of IL10RA toward IL10 and may likely to disturb the IL10 signaling pathway. This study provides an easy frame work for phenotypic characterization of mutant IL10RA molecule in terms of structure, flexibility and stability aspects. Our approach may also add a new dimension to conventional functional biology assays in quickly studying IL10 RA mutations and also for designing and developing inhibitors for mutant IL10RA molecule