Prehistory to 1250: Languages

The Hemic group includes the Egyptian and Coptic languages, the Libyan and Barbarian languages, the Koshtia languages, and the languages of the original inhabitants of the eastern part of Africa. [excerpt

Language Evaluation: Classical Arabic Approaches

This article explores the criteria and standards of literary evaluation as used by linguists in the Arabic literary tradition. Linguists did not apply such standards for instructional purposes only, but they also used them to assess poetic aesthetics. Because poetry was the primary context in which language was assessed, this linguistic evaluation appeared in various forms throughout poetry criticism. For example, giving preference to one poet over another meant the poet had reached a more superior linguistic level according to the standards that linguists followed in their judgments. These standards, which linguists in the Arabic literary tradition used, were not identical. Some linguists examined linguistic production as a whole, while others isolated aspects of linguistic production for analysis. Linguists also assessed those from whom linguistic production was elicited, rejecting those whose language was not deemed appropriate according to their evaluation standards

Conjunctions and Interjections in Modern Standard Arabic

Conjunctions and Interjections in Modern Standard Arabic is a grammar for Modern Standard Arabic introducing conjunctions and interjections from the most basic to the most advanced, with drills for each grammatical point. Skill in the use of conjunctions and interjections is essential for acquiring proficiency in expressing relationships of causation, order, time sequence and other relationships among events and ideas. Each chapter presents the grammar of conjunctions and interjections in clearly organized tables with examples of each use. An additional section presents multiple drills for practice and functional use. Aimed as a textbook for students for all four years of university Arabic, and for independent learners.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/books/1158/thumbnail.jp

HIV Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception Among University Students

Young people aged between 13 to 29 were contributed to the total of 34% of the cumulative infection Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and perception among students in the University. Research design is cross-sectional. Questionnaire were distributed to 372 respondents. Therefore, 52.4 percent students had a good knowledge.  There was positive weak correlation between KA (r =0.23) and KP (r=0.19)  with significance (p<0.05). Conclusion, increase in the level of knowledge were contribute to the positive attitude and perception also reduce the stigma and discrimination toward people living with HIV/AIDS.

STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETO CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES OF NIO/SMBA2CU3O7-Δ SUPERCONDUCTING COMPOSITE

In this work, we investigate the effect of NiO nanoparticles\u27 addition on the structure, superconductivity, and magneto conductivity for the SmBa2Cu3O7-δ phase. Composite nano/superconductor of (NiO)x/SmBa2Cu3O7-δ (0.00≤x≤0.12 wt.%) were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction technique and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The orthorhombic structure was maintained whereas the lattice parameters showed unsystematic variations with the NiO nanoparticles addition. The superconducting transition temperature Tc, determined from electrical resistivity measurements, showed an enhancement with x up to 0.04wt.% followed by a reduction with higher NiO additions. The Aslamazov–Larkin (AL) model was employed to analyze the magneto conductivity. The model allowed to determine the coherence lengths along c-axis ξc(0) and along ab plane ξab(0). Moreover, the anisotropy parameter Г increase with the increase of NiO nanoparticles addition

Readmission after Open Heart Surgery: Study of Predictors and Frequency

Background: Hospital readmissions after cardiac procedures are believed to be associated with higher in-hospital mortality and may predict poor outcomes. In addition high rate of readmission following discharge is associated with increased cost of care. Therefore, awareness of factors that predict increased risk for hospital readmission after cardiac surgery may improve the ability to reduce early readmission rates among this category of patients. Aim of the study; to assess predictors for hospital readmission after cardiac surgery. Design: A descriptive exploratory design was utilized in the current study. Subjects: A sample of Convenience including 115 adult male & female patients who were admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery departments at Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University over a period of six months were recruited. Tools of data collection: Four tools were utilized to collect data pertinent to the current study: Socio-demographic/medical data sheet; Perioperative open heart surgery assessment Sheet; Hospital readmission assessment sheet; and the LACE index Scale (Lengths of hospital stay in days; Acuity of illness at the time of admission; Carlson co-morbidity score; and Emergency department visits numbers during previous six months. Results: the current study revealed that the majority of the studied sample were males, married, having an elective admission with percentages of (67.8%), (86.1%) & (87%) respectively, and nearly half of them were between 40–59 years & came from rural area in percentages of (50%) & (52.2%) respectively. Out of the 115 patients who discharged from the hospital 18 % required a second hospital and ICU readmission. Main reasons for readmissions were wound problems (42.9%), congestive heart failure (14.3%), atrial fibrillation (9.5%), pleural effusion (9.5%), renal failure (9.5%) and respiratory failure (4.8%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative renal failure, delayed extubation (mechanical ventilation > 8 h), re-exploration for bleeding, perioperative use of intraaortic ballon pump (IABP), postoperative dysrhythmias, postoperative heart failure and postsurgical (ICU) length of stay (> 3 day) were independent predictors for readmission. Conclusion & Recommendations: Based on findings of the current study, it can be concluded that readmission following discharge is an important adverse outcome of cardiac surgery that needs continued attempts to explore and manage the risk factors of readmission. So the study recommends identification & close monitoring of those at risk for readmission; Establishment of hot line services for providing proper consultation after hospital discharge, especially for emergent cases; and provision of surveillance units for detection of high risk patients. Keywords: Open Heart Surgery- Hospital Readmission-Predictors- Frequency

GROWTH, YIELD AND FATTY ACIDS RESPONSE OF OENOTHERA BIENNIS TO WATER STRESS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Objective: The objective of this research was to study the effects of water stress treatments (40, 60, and 80 % available soil moisture, ASM) and/or potassium application (0, 0.4 and 0.8 g/pot) on growth parameters, yield and fatty acids content and composition of Oenothera biennis under greenhouse conditions.Methods: A two years pot experiment was conducted on Oenothera biennis under Egypt conditions in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Growth, seed yield (g/plant) and seed fixed oil content recorded at the first and second seasons. The fatty acid profile of total lipids extracted from Oenothera biennis was determined by Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis.Results: Growth characteristics (plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules/plant and dry weights of the whole plant, root, and straw), seed yield (g/plant) and oil yield in two seasons were significantly decreased with the rise in water stress levels. Oil % was stimulated in response to water stress. Application of potassium counteracted the adverse effects of water stress. The maximum growth, seed yield and oil yield were obtained from plants irrigated with 80 % available soil moisture (ASM) plus potassium (0.8 g/pot). On the contrary, supplying plants with a water level of 40 % ASM and with potassium (0.8 g/pot) or (0.4 g/pot) gave the best result for the oil percentage in the first and second seasons, respectively. In respect to fatty acids profile, the percentage of C16:0, C18:1n9 and C22:0 acids were increased with increasing water stress while a reverse response was observed in C18:0, C18:2n6, C20:0, C18:3n6 and C20:1n9 acids. K application attenuated oil composition, where it led to a slight increase in C18:2n6 and C20:0 acids while decreased the percentages of C16:0, C18:1n9, C22:0 acids C18:0, C18:3n6 and C20:1n9 acids. Potassium rates plus 60 % ASM increased C18:0 and C18:1n9 acids while K application with both of 60 % ASM and 40 % ASM increased C18:2n6 and C20:0 acids. The C22:0 acids increased under the interaction of all irrigation treatments with (0.4 g/pot) dose of K. However, C16:0 acids increased as a result of 80 % ASM treatment with the different potassium rates. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of K application to alleviating the adverse effects of water stress on Oenothera plants.Conclusion: Increasing irrigation levels increased the plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules/plant, seed yield and dry weights of the whole plant, root, and straw of Oenothera biennis and the optimum irrigation level for the highest yields of these variables was 80 % ASM. Whereas, oil % decreased with increasing irrigation levels and the optimum irrigation level for the highest oil % was 40 % ASM. However, for the oil yield from plants that received 80 % ASM produced more oil yield than plants received 60 % or 40 % ASM. Application of potassium counteracted the adverse effects of water stress. Potassium fertilizer increased plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules/plant, seed yield and dry weights of the whole plant, root, and straw of Oenothera biennis. Application of potassium could be a practical approach for enhancing the oil accumulation in Oenothera biennis. The current study provided important information about the qualitative and quantitative changes in the fatty acids profile of Oenothera biennis in relation to potassium application under water stress conditions.Keywords: Fatty acids, Oenothera biennis, Potassium fertilizer, Water stres

The potentiality of hydrocarbon generation of the Jurassic source rocks in Salam-3x well, North Western Desert, Egypt

AbstractThe present work deals with the identification of the potential and generating capability of oil generation in the Jurassic source rocks in the Salam-3x well. This depending on the organo-geochemical analyses of cutting samples representative of Masajid, Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations, as well as, representative extract samples of the Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations. The geochemical analysis suggested the potential source intervals within the encountered rock units as follows: Masajid Formation bears mature source rocks and have poor to fair generating capability for generating gas (type III kerogen). Khatatba Formation bears mature source rock, and has poor to good generating capability for both oil and gas. Ras Qattara Formation constituting mature source rock has good to very good generating capability for both oil and gas. The burial history modeling shows that the Masajid Formation lies within oil and gas windows; Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations lie within the gas window. From the biomarker characteristics of source rocks it appears that the extract is genetically related as the majority of them were derived from marine organic matters sources (mainly algae) deposited under reducing environment and take the direction of increasing maturity and far away from the direction of biodegradation. Therefore, Masajid Formation is considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons, while Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations are the main source rocks for hydrocarbon accumulations in the Salam-3x well