Synthesis and characterisation of alumina-iron oxide mixed nanocomposite for removal of Congo red dye

Synthesis of mixed AlOOH and FeOOH nanocomposite was performed by using ferrous sulphate, aluminium nitrate, sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution as starting materials via hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Elemental detection X-ray analysis (EDAX) were used to characterize the features of the mixed nanocomposite obtained by the hydrothermal synthesis. From X-ray analysis it was observed that the mixed AlOOH and FeOOH nanocomposite obtained were crystalline in nature and the crystallinity increased when the mixed oxy-hydroxide was calcined at 1000⁰ C for 2 hour. The SEM images indicated the formation of irregular shape particles, having diameter in the range of 300-500 nm. The presence of Fe, Al and O elements in the mixed composite were confirmed by the EDAX analysis. The adsorption of Congo red over the mixed nanocomposite was investigated for different parameters and the adsorption capacities were evaluated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The mixed oxide nanocomposite prepared by sintering the mixed oxy-hydroxide (AlOOH-FeOOH) at 5000 C showed a very high adsorption capacity of Congo red and thus these nanocomposites can be used as good adsorbents and can be used for the removal of the dye Congo red from the waste water system. The sorption of congo red dye onto the mixed nanocomposite surface follows pseudo-second order kinetics and better fitted to Freundlich isotherm model

RECENT ADVANCEMENT, TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE EMULSIONS

Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed systems where both oil in water and water in oil emulsion exists simultaneously which are stabilized by lipophilic and hydrophilic surfactants respectively. The ratio of these surfactants is important in achieving stable multiple emulsions. Among water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) and oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) type multiple emulsions, the former has wider areas of application and hence are studied in great detail. Formulation, preparation techniques and in vitro characterization methods for multiple emulsions are reviewed. Various factors affecting the stability of multiple emulsions and the stabilization approaches with specific reference to w/o/w type multiple emulsions are discussed in detail. Favorable drug release mechanisms and/or rate along with in vivo fate of multiple emulsions make them a versatile carrier. It finds wide range of applications in controlled or sustained drug delivery, targeted delivery, taste masking, bioavailability enhancement, enzyme immobilization, etc. Multiple emulsions have also been employed as intermediate step in the microencapsulation process and are the systems of increasing interest for the oral delivery of hydrophilic drugs, which are unstable in gastrointestinal tract like proteins and peptides. With the advancement in techniques for preparation, stabilization and rheological characterization of multiple emulsions, it will be able to provide a novel carrier system for drugs, cosmetics and pharmaceutical agents. In this review, emphasis is laid down on formulation, stabilization techniques and potential applications of multiple emulsion system

Design and Thermal Analysis of LED Lamp Cooling by using Optimization of Circular Fins

The selection of particular fin configuration in LED Lamp for heat transfer application depend on the  weight and manufacturing technique consideration as well as the thermal characteristics it exhibits, Circular Fins are one of the most popular choice for enhancing the heat transfer rate to Minimize an junction temperature by minimizing the total thermal resistance of system. For actively cooled systems,  this may essentially be achieved by simultaneously engineering the conduction through the heat sink and creating a well-designed flow pattern of Heat over suitable convective surface area. Finite element method (FEM) was used to compute the maximum temperature at junction of LED. An extensive study was carried out using ANSYS, a powerful platform for Heat flow through Led Heat sink. Results obtained were presented in a series of temperature along the length of fins. Keywords: ANSYS, Circular Fins, FEM, Junction Temperature, Thermal Resistance

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF LIPID BASED TOPICAL FORMULATIONS OF SILVER SULFADIAZINE FOR TREATMENT OF BURNS AND WOUNDS

Abstract: The aim of this research was to develop a novel lipid based film forming gel based on polymer and to investigate its potential as slow-release wound healing vehicle. The lipid based is composed of water soluble gel with model drug (Silver Sulfadiazine) and an egg oil, which acted as a remove scars. The morphology, rheology, mechanical properties, in-vitro drug release profiles were investigated. A smooth film layers was produced. The characterization results showed that film has superior mechanical and rheological properties than the ointment and cream. The lipid based gel treating low suppurating wounds and suitable for slow release application on wound surfaces. The lipid based gel also provided a significant higher healing rate in-vivo, with well-formed epidermis with faster granulation tissue formation when compared to the controls. In conclusions, a novel polymer-based lipid film gel was developed and results suggested that they can be exploited as slow-release wound dressings. Key Words: Wound healings, slow release, silver sulfadiazine and film ge

TECHNIQUES USED FOR BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION IN RELATION TO FORENSIC ANALYSIS

The aim of this review was to apply the knowledge & technology of science for the definition & enforcement of such laws. The forensic analysis is investigation the crime and examines material evidence. In forensic analysis various biochemical investigation techniques are used to examine the crimes like Hair analysis, Polygraphic test, serology test and finger print analysis. Several instruments are used in forensic analysis like IR, Chromatography, UV and Mass spectrophotometer. The characterization results showed that Forensic pharmacists engage in work relating to litigation, the regulatory process, or the criminal justice system

Demonstration of ultra-low NA rare-earth doped step index fiber for applications in high power fiber lasers

In this paper, we report the mode area scaling of a rare-earth doped step index fiber by using low numerical aperture. Numerical simulations show the possibility of achieving an effective area of ~700µm2 (including bend induced effective area reduction) at a bend diameter of 32cm from a 35µm core fiber with a numerical aperture of 0.038. An effective single mode operation is ensured following the criterion of the fundamental mode loss to be lower than 0.1dB/m while ensuring the higher order modes loss to be higher than 10dB/m at a wavelength of 1060nm. Our optimized modified chemical vapor deposition process in conjunction with solution doping process allows fabrication of an Yb-doped step index fiber having an ultra-low numerical aperture of ~0.038. Experimental results confirm a Gaussian output beam from a 35µm core fiber validating our simulation results. Fiber shows an excellent laser efficiency of ~81% and a M2 less than 1.1

Crystal structure of an antibody bound to an immunodominant peptide epitope: novel features in peptide-antibody recognition

The crystal structure of Fab of an Ab PC283 complexed with its corresponding peptide Ag, PS1 (HQLDPAFGANSTNPD), derived from the hepatitis B virus surface Ag was determined. The PS1 stretch Gln2P to Phe7P is present in the Ag binding site of the Ab, while the next three residues of the peptide are raised above the binding groove. The residues Ser11P, Thr12P, and Asn13P then loop back onto the Ag-binding site of the Ab. The last two residues, Pro14P and Asp15P, extend outside the binding site without forming any contacts with the Ab. The PC283-PS1 complex is among the few examples where the light chain complementarity-determining regions show more interactions than the heavy chain complementarity-determining regions, and a distal framework residue is involved in Ag binding. As seen from the crystal structure, most of the contacts between peptide and Ab are through the five residues, Leu3-Asp4-Pro5-Ala6-Phe7, of PS1. The paratope is predominantly hydrophobic with aromatic residues lining the binding pocket, although a salt bridge also contributes to stabilizing the Ag-Ab interaction. The molecular surface area buried upon PS1 binding is 756 Å2 for the peptide and 625 Å2 for the Fab, which is higher than what has been seen to date for Ab-peptide complexes. A comparison between PC283 structure and a homology model of its germline ancestor suggests that paratope optimization for PS1 occurs by improving both charge and shape complementarity

Properties and Applications of Ruthenium

Ruthenium (Ru) with atomic number of 44 is one of the platinum group metals, the others being Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt. In earth’s crust, it is quite rare, found in parts per billion quantities, in ores containing some of the other platinum group metals. Ruthenium is silvery whitish, lustrous hard metal with a shiny surface. It has seven stable isotopes. Recently, coordination and organometallic chemistry of Ru has shown remarkable growth. In this chapter, we review the application of Ru in diverse fields along with its physical and chemical properties. In the applications part of Ru we have primarily focused on the biomedical applications. The biomedical applications are broadly divided into diagnostic and treatment aspects. Ru and their complexes are mainly used in determination of ferritin, calcitonin and cyclosporine and folate level in human body for diagnosis of diseases. Treatment aspects focuses on immunosuppressant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity