DEVELOPMENT OF BILAYER TABLETS FOR IMMEDIATE AND CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ALLICIN

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate bilayer tablet for the immediate and controlled release of Allicin (Garlic Extract) for effective treatment of Hypertension.Methods: The immediate release layer was prepared by using super disintegrants-sodium starch glycolate and binder used xantham gum and the sustained release layer was prepared by using hydrophilic polymer like HPMC K 100 and PVP. Before preparation of the tablets, all the pre-formulation parameters were checked and the tablet of Allicin were prepared by direct compression method and was evaluated for physical characteristics like hardness, weight variation, drug content and friability. In vitro release of drug was performed USP type II dissolution test apparatus using phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as dissolution media and dissolution was continued for 8 hrs for the sustained release layer.Results: It was found that all the formulations were within the limit of the standard. The drug release of the tablet was in the range of 66%-83% in 8 h.Conclusion: It was concluded that the F4 formulation showed the optimum result as a bilayer tablet for the effective treatment of hypertension.Â

Nitrite contents in various masticatories prevailing in the state of Assam – a pilot study

Background: The habit of using masticatories is quite common among the population of the state Assam. There are numerous types of masticatories available throughout the state, most of which include areca nut in different forms, accompanied with beetle leaves and tobacco leaves and other associated substances added for flavor. Aim: To determine the level of nitrite present in different types of masticatories prevailing in the state.  Materials & Methods: The classical Griess method was used for the estimation of nitrite in different types of these masticatories prevailing in the state Assam (n=35) using the basic diazotization principle and spectrophotometric determination. Statistical Analysis used: The results obtained were analyzed statistically by using SPSS V.16 software. Results: The result of the study indicate the amount of nitrite in different types of these masticatories, among which highest levels of nitrite was found in raw areca nut with beetle leaves without lime. The presence of lime decreases the amount of nitrite (p<0.05) whereas, the presence of beetle leaves and unprocessed areca nut increases the amount of nitrite (p<0.05) in the masticatories used by the people of the state. Conclusion: From the study conducted, it can be concluded that the presence of lime reduces the amount of nitrite in the masticatories, whereas the presence of beetle leaves and unprocessed areca nut contribute higher amount of nitrite in the masticatorie

Cervical spine movement during intubation

There have been growing concerns following documented instances of neurological deterioration in patients with cervical spine injury as a result of intubation. A significant body of evidence has since evolved with the primary objective of ascertaining the safest way of securing the endotracheal tube in patients with suspected and proven cervical injury. The search for a mode of intubation producing the least movement at the cervical spine is an ongoing process and is limited by logistic and ethical issues. The ensuing review is an attempt to review available evidence on cervical movements during intubation and to comprehensively outline the movement at the cervical spine with a wide plethora of intubation aids. Literature search was sourced from digital libraries including PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar in addition to the standard textbooks of Anaesthesiology. The keywords used in literature search included 'cervical spine motion,' 'neurological deterioration,' 'intubation biomechanics,' 'direct laryngoscopy,' 'flexible fibreoptic intubation,' 'video laryngoscopes' and 'craniocervical motion.' The scientific information in this review is expected to assist neuroanaesthesiologists for planning airway management in patients with neurological injury as well as to direct further research into this topic which has significant clinical and patient safety implications

Not Available

Not AvailableThe soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition; however, it has not been studied in details. Arthrobotrys oligospora, a model predacious fungus for nematode trapping, beside biocontrol potential may modulate plant health and increase natural antioxidants in tomato fruit directly or indirectly. In the present study we have investigated the effects of nematode trapping fungus A. oligospora on induction and bioaccumulation of natural antioxidant and defence related biomolecules in tomato plants when challenged with Meloidogyne incognita causing root knot. Endophytic and rhizospheric isolates of A. oligospora were isolated from different parts of India and characterized under controlled laboratory conditions. The study describes the multifarious effects of endophytic and rhizospheric isolates of A. oligospora in green house and field conditions in tomato plants when inoculated individually or in combination. It was found that A. oligospora EAO-147 and RST-101 when applied individually or in combination significantly increased various attributes in plants. Among both the isolates, endophytic A. oligospora EAO-147 was found to be more potential in enhancing the defence related biomolecules, enzymes and exhibited biocontrol potentials against M. incognita. With application of A. oligospora, increase in nutritional quality of ripe tomato fruits (mineral nutrients and natural antioxidant properties) was also demonstrated first time. Results suggest that application of A. oligospora, particularly endophytic, not only helps in control of nematodes but also increase plant growth as well as enhances the nutritional value of tomato fruits. Thus, it proves to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth promoting agent.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableThe soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition; however, it has not been studied in details. Arthrobotrys oligospora, a model predacious fungus for nematode trapping, beside biocontrol potential may modulate plant health and increase natural antioxidants in tomato fruit directly or indirectly. In the present study we have investigated the effects of nematode trapping fungus A. oligospora on induction and bioaccumulation of natural antioxidant and defence related biomolecules in tomato plants when challenged with Meloidogyne incognita causing root knot. Endophytic and rhizospheric isolates of A. oligospora were isolated from different parts of India and characterized under controlled laboratory conditions. The study describes the multifarious effects of endophytic and rhizospheric isolates of A. oligospora in green house and field conditions in tomato plants when inoculated individually or in combination. It was found that A. oligospora EAO-147 and RST-101 when applied individually or in combination significantly increased various attributes in plants. Among both the isolates, endophytic A. oligospora EAO-147 was found to be more potential in enhancing the defence related biomolecules, enzymes and exhibited biocontrol potentials against M. incognita. With application of A. oligospora, increase in nutritional quality of ripe tomato fruits (mineral nutrients and natural antioxidant properties) was also demonstrated first time. Results suggest that application of A. oligospora, particularly endophytic, not only helps in control of nematodes but also increase plant growth as well as enhances the nutritional value of tomato fruits. Thus, it proves to be an excellent biocontrol as well as plant growth promoting agent.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableNot AvailableNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableDuring the course of our investigation on the selective isolation and in vitro pathogenicity tests of the nematode egg parasite and endoparasitic Catenaria anguillulae and the nematode-trapping fungus Dactylaria brochopaga against Anguina tritici, and Meloidogyne graminicola, the two biocontrol agents were also examined for their capabilities to colonize wheat seed gall and also to reduce the M. graminicola, and A. tritici in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Using seed galls as bait was found effective for isolating the soilborne natural colonizers of seed galls of wheat caused by A. tritici. Seed galls were found severely infested with cellulose decomposers as well as nematode trapping fungi i.e., Fusarium spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. Arthrobotrys oligospora, Arthrobotrys superba, Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Arthrobotrys musiformis, D. brochopaga, Monacrosporium eudermatum, Stylopaga hadra, Paecilomyces spp., and C. anguillulae. Co-inoculation of D. brochopaga DBS-105, and C. anguillulae CAS101 significantly reduced the root knot and seed gall in wheat and increased the plant growth parameters including length, and dry weight of root and shoot as well as yield attributing characters like spike length; number of seed per spike, test weight etc. under greenhouse conditions as compared to pathogen challenged plants without any bioagents/chemical nematicide. These bioagents have the potential to enhance production of quality seeds of wheat being free from hazardous pesticides and thus, can further be developed into marketable formulations in order to promote eco-friendly and sustainable means of crop production.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableDuring the course of our investigation on the selective isolation and in vitro pathogenicity tests of the nematode egg parasite and endoparasitic Catenaria anguillulae and the nematode-trapping fungus Dactylaria brochopaga against Anguina tritici, and Meloidogyne graminicola, the two biocontrol agents were also examined for their capabilities to colonize wheat seed gall and also to reduce the M. graminicola, and A. tritici in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Using seed galls as bait was found effective for isolating the soilborne natural colonizers of seed galls of wheat caused by A. tritici. Seed galls were found severely infested with cellulose decomposers as well as nematode trapping fungi i.e., Fusarium spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. Arthrobotrys oligospora, Arthrobotrys superba, Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Arthrobotrys musiformis, D. brochopaga, Monacrosporium eudermatum, Stylopaga hadra, Paecilomyces spp., and C. anguillulae. Co-inoculation of D. brochopaga DBS-105, and C. anguillulae CAS101 significantly reduced the root knot and seed gall in wheat and increased the plant growth parameters including length, and dry weight of root and shoot as well as yield attributing characters like spike length; number of seed per spike, test weight etc. under greenhouse conditions as compared to pathogen challenged plants without any bioagents/chemical nematicide. These bioagents have the potential to enhance production of quality seeds of wheat being free from hazardous pesticides and thus, can further be developed into marketable formulations in order to promote eco-friendly and sustainable means of crop production.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableHeavy metals are natural constituents of the environment, but indiscriminate use for human purposes has altered their geochemical cycles and biochemical balance. This results in excess release of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc etc. into natural resources like the soil and aquatic environments. Prolonged exposure and higher accumulation of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life and aquatic biota. The role of microorganisms and plants in biotransformation of heavy metals into nontoxic forms is well-documented, and understanding the molecular mechanism of metal accumulation has numerous biotechnological implications for bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites. In view of this, the present review investigates the abilities of microorganisms and plants in terms of tolerance and degradation of heavy metals. Also, advances in bioremediation technologies and strategies to explore these immense and valuable biological resources for bioremediation are discussed. An assessment of the current status of technology deployment and suggestions for future bioremediation research has also been included. Finally, there is a discussion of the genetic and molecular basis of metal tolerance in microbes, with special reference to the genomics of heavy metal accumulator plants and the identification of functional genes involved in tolerance and detoxification.Not Availabl