Quality Analysis in Phase Modulated Radio Over Fiber in WDM/DWDM Network

There has been increasing demand for connection setup with a higher quality of service (QoS) in WDM/DWDM networks, especially in fields like radio over fibers, where phase modulation affects the link quality. Hence to meet guaranteed QoS in a phase modulated link, the effects of phase modulation on link quality is very much needed. The link quality is termed as quality factor (Q-factor). The primary objective is to use effectively the connections available to optimize the computed number of connections and reduce the blocked connections but at the same time guarantying QoS as per client’s need. The analysis has been done by taking care of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) techniques. The performance analysis is presented in terms of blocking probability. This work includes detailed mathematical analysis of how phase modulation affects link Q-factor.Eight bands complimentary inner outer band, four bands complimentary inner outer band, and middle outer band wavelength assignment techniques are used for analysis.Blocking probability versus connection requests, blocking probability versus wavelengths assigned, connections accepted for a given source-destination pair were analyzed for different wavelength assignment techniques

A 32 FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN FOR TOPICAL CONTROLLED RELEASETAZAROTENE MICROSPONGE USING HPMC GEL

Objective: The aim of present work was to the development of control release 0.1% tazarotene microsponge and incorporated into a HPMC K-100M gel. Methods: Drug compatibility with polymer was evaluated by FT-IR spectrum. Tazarotene microsponge was prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. On the basis of preliminary results, 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of Eudragit RS-100 conc. (X1) and PVA conc. (X2) on as particle size (Y1), % drug entrapment (Y2) and time required to 80% drug release (Y3). Multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA and graphical representation of the influence factor by 3D plots were performed by using Sigma plot 11.0. In this study, the following constraints were arbitrarily used for the selection of an optimized batch: particle size<200 µm, drug entrapment>70 %, and time required to 80% drug release>360 min. The optimized formulation was subjected to SEM study. Tazarotene microsponge incorporates in 3% HPMC K-100M gel evaluated for viscosity, pH, drug content, spreadability, In vitro diffusion study, release kinetic study and photostability study. Results: The FT-IR result showed that there was no chemical interaction and SEM photograph indicates that microsponges are spherical and pores. From the results of multiple regression analysis, it was found that all factors had a statistically significant influence on all dependent variables. Conclusion: The optimized formulation of gel release kinetics having good linearity (R2= 0.987) of zero-order kinetic and it was found to be stable in the stability evaluation

Our experience with laparoscopic total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A case series

Background:Though laparoscopic distal gastrectomy has become a standard procedure for treatment of gastric cancer, laparoscopic total gastrectomy has not been widely accepted as it requires more dexterity and lack of evidence about its feasibility and safety.Methods:Here retrospectively we review a series of 12 cases of gastric cancer undergone laparoscopic total gastrectomy with D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy over a period of 10 years at a tertiary care hospital. The patient demographic characteristics were reviewed and the outcomes after surgery was analyzed in terms of extent of lymphadenectomy, mean operative time, mean intraoperative blood loss median number of lymph nodes harvested, median time for postoperative ambulation, median time for postoperative oral feeding, median time of postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complications and mortality.Results:All patients had total gastrectomy entirely through laparoscopic method. Mean operative time was 282 minutes, mean intraoperative blood loss was 120 ml, median time for ambulation and oral feeding was 3 days and 6 days respectively. Median time of hospital stay was 16 days and 2 patients had complications as pancreatic fistula and port site abscess. No mortality was observed.Conclusion:With zero mortality and accepted rate of complications, laparoscopic total gastrectomy appears to be technically feasible and safe for management of gastric cancer. But more studies have to be conducted with comparison to other standard gastrectomies and long term follow up to be done to establish its standardized application

Application of Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Biochemical Characterization in Static and Suspension Cultures of Withania somnifera L. towards Food Technology

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is an erect evergreen shrub commonly known as Ashwagandha. It is widely used in Ayurvedic, and in the traditional pharmacopeia system of India. It is one of the major ingredients in many formulations prescribed for a variety of musculo-skeletal conditions including arthritis and rheumatism. In the present study, variations in the quality and quantity of proteins and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated biochemically and enzymatically from the static and suspension cultures of Withania somnifera L. The nodal segments provided the maximum callusing of 90.25±0.06% with (1mg/l) BAP and (2mg/l) Kn of 2, 4-D. The static and suspension cultures were taken for the analysis of total soluble protein, and screened for antioxidant enzyme activity [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)]. The protein content (1.2016 μg/μl) was found to be higher in static culture samples (0.870 μg/μl) than the protein obtained from the suspension culture. The antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD and GPX) was higher in the static culture samples (301.01± 0.42, 198.92 ± 0.29, 103.75 ± 0.11 nkat/mg of protein) than in the suspension culture. Specific activity staining of isoenzyme pattern exhibited three isoforms (CAT 1, CAT 2 and CAT 3) in the static culture samples but CAT 1 was absent in the samples extracted from the suspension cultures. In case of SOD, four bands (SOD 1, SOD 2, SOD 3 and SOD 4) were found in both samples whereas the intensity of GPX activity was found to be more in the static culture; however, both samples exhibited three isoforms (GPX 1, GPX 2 and GPX 3). Supplementation of the required nutrients along with phytohormones under in vitro conditions might be an enhancing factor to yield antioxidant enzymes in the static culture samples