Comparative Study of Monsoon Rainfall Variability over India and the Odisha State

Indian summer monsoon (ISM) plays an important role in the weather and climate system over India. The rainfall during monsoon season controls many sectors from agriculture, food, energy, and water, to the management of disasters. Being a coastal province on the eastern side of India, Odisha is one of the most important states affected by the monsoon rainfall and associated hydro-meteorological systems. The variability of monsoon rainfall is highly unpredictable at multiple scales both in space and time. In this study, the monsoon variability over the state of Odisha is studied using the daily gridded rainfall data from India Meteorological Department (IMD). A comparative analysis of the behaviour of monsoon rainfall at a larger scale (India), regional scale (Odisha), and sub-regional scale (zones of Odisha) is carried out in terms of the seasonal cycle of monsoon rainfall and its interannual variability. It is seen that there is no synchronization in the seasonal monsoon category (normal/excess/deficit) when analysed over large (India) and regional (Odisha) scales. The impact of El Niño, La Niña, and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the monsoon rainfall at both scales (large scale and regional scale) is analysed and compared. The results show that the impact is much more for rainfall over India, but it has no such relation with the rainfall over Odisha. It is also observed that there is a positive (negative) relation of the IOD with the seasonal monsoon rainfall variability over Odisha (India). The correlation between the IAV of monsoon rainfall between the large scale and regional scale was found to be 0.46 with a phase synchronization of 63%. IAV on a sub-regional scale is also presented

Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential measured through JC-1 dye after 24 and 48 h of treatment with native pac, pac-MNPs and lec-pac-MNPs (10 ng/ml) in K562 cells.

<p>Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential measured through JC-1 dye after 24 and 48 h of treatment with native pac, pac-MNPs and lec-pac-MNPs (10 ng/ml) in K562 cells.</p

Schematic diagram showing the receptor mediated endocytosis of lec-pac-MNPs and mechanism of action of paclitaxel after released from the nanoformulation showing coordinated regulation of signaling cascades leading to apoptosis.

<p>Schematic diagram showing the receptor mediated endocytosis of lec-pac-MNPs and mechanism of action of paclitaxel after released from the nanoformulation showing coordinated regulation of signaling cascades leading to apoptosis.</p

<i>In vivo</i> bioavailability of native pac (▪), pac-MNPs (▪) and lec-pac-MNPs (▪) in a rat model.

<p>The rats were divided in three groups. Equivalent concentration of pac, pac-MNPs and lec-pac-MNPs (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously. Blood was collected at different time intervals and paclitaxel concentration in serum was determined by RP-HPLC analysis, as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026803#s4" target="_blank">materials and methods</a>. (**) p<0.01 and (*) p<0.05 pac versus pac-MNPs.</p

Gene expression study by real time PCR.

<p>(A) (i) m-RNA expression (ii) quantification of Caspase 8, Bid, and Bax gene by RT-PCR in K562 cell lines. (B) (i) m-RNA expression (ii) quantification of Bcr-Abl, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 gene by RT-PCR in K562 cell lines. (C) (i) m-RNA expression (ii) quantification of Bcr-Abl, Caspase 8 and caspase 3 gene by RT-PCR in Kcl22 cell lines. (D) (i) m-RNA expression (ii) quantification of Caspase 8 and caspase 3 gene by RT-PCR in Jurkat cell lines. (**) p<0.01 and (*) p<0.05 control versus pac, pac-MNPs and lec-pac-MNPs. (Details described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026803#s4" target="_blank">materials and methods</a>).</p

Immuno-blot analysis of proteins apoptotic pathway.

<p>(A) extrinsic pathway (B) JNK pathway and (C) intrinsic pathway proteins in K562 cells treated with 10 ng/ml of native pac, pac-MNPs and lec-pac-MNPs (details described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0026803#s4" target="_blank">materials and methods</a>.</p