Determining Induction Conditions for Expression of Truncated Diphtheria Toxin and Pseudomonas Exotoxin A in E. coli BL21

Background: Targeted cancer therapies have played a great role in the treatment of malignant tumors, in the recent years. Among these therapies, targeted toxin therapies such as immunotoxins, has improved the patient’s survival rate by minimizing the adverse effect on normal tissues, whereas delivering a high dose of tumoricidal agent for eradicating the cancer tissue. Immunological proteins such as antibodies are conjugated to plant toxins or bacterial toxins such as Diphtheria toxin (DT) and Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) . In this case optimizing and expressing Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A which their binding domains are eliminated play a crucial role in producing the desired immunotoxins.Materials and Methods: We expressed the truncated DT and PE toxin in a genetically modified E.coli strain BL21 (DE3). For this reason we eliminated the binding domain sequences of these toxins and expressed these proteins in an expression vector pET28a with the kanamycin resistant gene for selection. The optimization of Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A expression was due to different IPTG concentration, induction and sonication time. Results: We observed that the optimal protein expression of the Diphtheria toxin was gained in 4 hours of 0.4 mM IPTG concentration at 25˚C on the other hand the optimization of Pseudomonas exotoxin A protein occurred in 4 hours of 0.5 mM IPTG concentration at 25 ˚C.Conclusion: Our study also showed lower IPTG concentrations could result in higher protein expression. By optimizing this procedure, we facilitate the protein production which could lead to acceleration of the drug development

The Psychometric Properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test

Background: Substance abuse is a critical problem in most countries, especially in developing ones. Earlydetection is the pre-requisite of early control, for which reliable and valid tools are required. In the presentstudy, we aimed at measuring the psychometric properties of the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10)in Iranian individuals.Methods: After translation and back-translation of the questionnaire, 244 adults were recruited from TehranMegacity, Iran, and completed the questionnaires. Participants were recruited by a multistage randomizedcluster sampling method. Reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha. Also, construct validity wasevaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA).Findings: The internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the total score of the Persianversion of DAST-10 was 0.93. EFA evoked only one factor for DAST-10. The CFA for 1-factor models forDAST-10 indicated an acceptable fit for the proposed models.Conclusion: The results prove desirable reliability and validity of the Persian version of the DAST which canbe utilized as a screening instrument for drug abuse among Iranian adults

Study on Positive and Negative Signs in Chronic Schizophrenic Women

Objective: Schizophrenia has different clinical manifestations, although, it is one disorder patients divided to two groups type 1 and type 2. type 1 who have positive and type 2 who have negative signs. Materials & Methods: They have chronic schizophrenia and treated at least with one antipsychotic drug. With checklist the signs were controlled. Results: In these chronic patients, hallucinations (positive sign) are seen with almost all of negative signs. In the other hand, (1) Flat affect (2) A logia & volition (3) Social inattentiveness (4) Inability to feel intimacy are seen more than another signs. Conclusion: For these above  patients new antipsychotic must be examined

Quality of Life of Disabled Children\'s Mother: A Comparative Study

Objectives: Quality of life for disabled children often has been assessed based on functional status or parental perceptions rather than direct reports from the children. The objective of this study was evaluating the quality of life of mothers with disabled children. Methods: There is widespread acceptance of the need for disabled children to be fully integrated into society but there needs to be further attitudinal change. Totally forty mothers with a cerebral palsy child and forty mothers with health problems participated in a study. Health Survey was used to assess a mother’s quality of life. Results: The mean scores on Health Survey were significantly lower in mothers of children with disabled child than those of the other group. The quality of life scores also was correlated with the severity of disability. Coping strategies were clear correlates of health related quality of life when socio-demographic, disability related and social support variables were studied. The relationship between coping strategies and quality of life was the more revaluation of life values. Discussion: The results suggest that greater focus needs to be directed to coping strategies and to ways of facilitating adaptive outcomes in rehabilitation. Different coping strategies and psychosocial programmes must be designed and implemented to decrease the burden of care

Family Burden and Problems in Patients with Down Syndrome

Objective: Down syndrome (Trisomy of 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality which associated with different somatic, psychotic, familial and social problems. This research was done under supervision of the child developmental disturbances group and with support of deputy of research in the University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences with the goal of surveying problems and familial burden of patient with down syndrome. Materials & Methods: 61 families of the patients registered by the Iranian Society of Down Syndrome were participated (31 families with boys and 30 families with girls patients, patient with the range age of 3-17 years). Expert panel structured questionnaire in 7 domain (each 3 to 6 question) were used. The dates banked and analysis with student spss-pc. Results: This survey found the most problems in 7 Domains including somatic, psychotic, behavioral, social, learning, supportive and communication problems. Mean priority scores in these domains based on family opinion was near and was 19.72 (SD=2.41). The datas showed most of families need education and knowing about supporting centers. %97 of patients were well accepted by their families, 96% of Families worried about their children after their death. In spite of the disabilities in these patients the families accounted their children as an able person. Conclusion: The patients with Down Syndrome are accepted in their families and also adjusted with other family members, so the families Support them and expend all the expenditures. The families attitude about these patients are good and not shameful of their. Then need of education, information, social planning about their vocation, and future is a necessitate based on families opinion

Perception Development of Complex Syntactic Construction in Children with Hearing Impairment

Objectives: Auditory perception or hearing ability is critical for children in acquisition of language and speech hence hearing loss has different effects on individuals’ linguistic perception, and also on their functions. It seems that deaf people suffer from language and speech impairments such as in perception of complex linguistic constructions. This research was aimed to study the perception of complex syntactic constructions in children with hearing-impairment. Methods: The study design was case-control. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty children with severe to profound hearing impairment, aged 8-12 years and twenty normal-hearing children, aged 6-7 years were selected in a simple random sampling from exceptional schools for deaf people and from normal kindergartens and schools for normal cases. The perception of sentences was tested by using a researcher-made task called sentence-picture matching task. At first the content validity was determined and then the reliability was confirmed with Cronbach Alpha Test. Data were analyzed by statistical tests such as Independent Samples T-Test and Mann-Whitney U Test using SPSS. Results: Perception of the group with hearing-impairment was significantly lower than the normal control group. The hearing-impaired children failed to perceive complex syntactic structures. Linguistic function of the group with hearing-impairment on perception of sentences with simple word order was better than on complex sentences. Discussion: If rich linguistic inputs are not available for children during the critical period of the first language acquisition, the syntactic skill, especially in complex syntactic constructions, will not normally develop. In order to establish a foundation for a healthy perfect development of syntax, at the early years of life, children should be exposed to a natural language

Comparison of Motor Skills in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and Normal Peers

Objectives:&nbsp;Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor skill disorder which impacts upon a child, s ability to perform age-appropriate activity of daily living and academic performance. They have problems in gross & fine motors, their upper limb coordination are impaired, too. In this way, we decided to compare motors skills with BOTMP test in children with DCD and their normal peers. Methods: In this study 30 children with DCD (age range is 6/5-8/5) have studied and compared with their normal peers. Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was used. Results: The study showed Motor skills in DCD children are significantly poorer than their normal peers. (P<0/001) Gross motor, Fine motor skills and the upper limb coordination are significant impaired in DCD children. Discussion: In the process of evaluation Children with DCD, standard instrument, like BOTMP can be used.BOTMP detected deficiency in gross & fine motor and other area like, upper limb coordination. We need accurate in formations for better treatment. BOTMP can be used in the process of evaluation for every DCD child, after that goals of treatment will be clearer

Dohsa Treatment to Improve Balance in Elderly People: An Evaluation of a Family-Based Rehabilitation Programme

Objectives: In this research we evaluate an individually family-based Dohsa exercise programme of balance in the aged people and its effect on self confidence for performing common daily tasks with less falling could be influenced by training. Methods: From a residential care center, five aged person were participated in this study. They were trained by Dohsa method for six weeks. Two types of Dohsa-hou were used: Relaxation and Tate-kei. Tate-kei was the task which required them to control their body vertically against gravity. Results: The results indicated that most of them had improved their balance and their confidence for doing their daily activities without falling in a better way. Discussion: The Dohsa family based rehabilitation program could improve their balance and increase their activity by not falling down. The family based programme can be a useful program for rehabilitation therapists in their therapy with aged people to improve their life skills and well beings

Stigma in Iranian Down Syndrome

Objectives: Stigma is a negative value. Many behaviors are to ward Stigmatized people. Down syndrome is one of conditions with Stigma. The aim of this study is to determine the sources of labeling in iranian Down syndrome. Methods: The View of 105 Down syndrome families concerning stigma were conducted. All of Down syndrome was under 50 years. Results: A fair proportion of Down syndrome families perceived that stigma had a negative effect from social. Causes of stigma are different. Stigma due social interaction, Media and health professionals are significant than others. Discussion: The diagnostic label of Down syndrome may render the person and his family vulnerable to stigmatization. The most causes of stigma were determined therefore, in the destigmatization programs, they must be attended. Stigma must be detected, too

The Effectiveness of Life Skills Training on Quality of Life in Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome

Objectives: &nbsp;This &nbsp;study &nbsp;aimed &nbsp;to &nbsp;examine &nbsp;the &nbsp;effectiveness &nbsp;of &nbsp;life &nbsp;skills &nbsp;training &nbsp;on &nbsp;quality &nbsp;of &nbsp;life &nbsp;in mothers of children with Down syndrome.&nbsp; Methods: &nbsp;This &nbsp;research &nbsp;was &nbsp;done &nbsp;as &nbsp;a &nbsp;semi-experimental &nbsp;with &nbsp;pre-post &nbsp;test &nbsp;and &nbsp;with &nbsp;control &nbsp;group. Statistical population included all children with down syndrome, age from 2 months to 8 years, and their mothers who referred to Iran's down syndrome society. Thirty six children were randomly chosen and equally assigned to two groups: experimental and control group. The data were collected by using the demographic &nbsp;questionnaire &nbsp;and &nbsp;the &nbsp;short &nbsp;form &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;World &nbsp;Health &nbsp;Organization &nbsp;Quality &nbsp;of &nbsp;Life. Experimental group was trained for life skills in 12 sessions, each session 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and multivariate analysis of covariance test. &nbsp; Results: &nbsp;The &nbsp;results &nbsp;indicate &nbsp;that &nbsp;the &nbsp;mean &nbsp;score &nbsp;of &nbsp;quality &nbsp;of &nbsp;life &nbsp;in &nbsp;the &nbsp;experimental &nbsp;group &nbsp;was significantly higher than the control group after intervention.&nbsp; Discussion: According to the results, life skills training increased the quality of life in mothers of children with &nbsp;Down &nbsp;syndrome. Therefore &nbsp;the &nbsp;life &nbsp;skill &nbsp;training &nbsp;can &nbsp;be &nbsp;applied &nbsp;in &nbsp;mental &nbsp;health &nbsp;services &nbsp;for improving the quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome. &nbsp