Calcium phosphate incorporated bacterial cellulose-polyvinylpyrrolidone based hydrogel scaffold: Structural property and cell viability study for bone regeneration application

This work focuses on the analysis of structural and functional properties of calcium phosphate (CaP) incorporated bacterial cellulose (BC)-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based hydrogel scaffolds referred to as "CaP/BC-PVP". CaP is incorporated in the scaffolds in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in different concentrations (β-TCP: HA (w/w) = 20:80, 40:60, and 50:50). The scaffolds were characterized on the basis of porosity, thermal, biodegradation, mechanical, and cell viability/cytocompatibility properties. The structural properties of all the hydrogel scaffolds show significant porosity. The biodegradation of "CaP/BC-PVP" scaffold was evaluated following hydrolytic degradation. Weight loss profile, pH change, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirm the significant degradability of the scaffolds. It is observed that a 50:50_CaP/BC-PVP scaffold has the highest degree of degradation. On the other hand, the compressive strengths of CaP/BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds are found between 0.21 to 0.31 MPa, which is comparable with the human trabecular bone. The cell viability study is performed with a human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell line, where significant cell viability is observed in all the hydrogel scaffolds. This indicated their ability to facilitate cell growth and cell proliferation. Considering all these substantial properties, CaP/BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds can be suggested for detailed investigation in the context of bone regeneration application. © 2019 by the authors.Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of The Czech Republic - NPU Program I [LO1504]; Internal Grant Agency, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic [IGA/CPS/2019/003

Viscoelastic behavior of calcium phosphate packed bacterial cellulose -polyvinylpyrrolidone based hydrogel scaffolds at human fever temperature

Calcium phosphate (CaP) packed bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based hydrogel scaffolds (BC-PVPCaP) are being reported here considering its possible application in bone restoration. The primary focus of this work is to analyze the viscoelastic behavior of 'BC-PVP-CaP' hydrogel scaffolds at human fever temperature condition (39°C) in swelled state. In BC-PVP scaffolds, CaP [in the form of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) is present as filler in different concentrations (i.e. β-TCP/HA_20:80, β-TCP/HA_40:60, β-TCP/HA_50:50). The BC-PVP scaffold (without CaP) was marked as a control set for the evaluation of viscoelasticity of scaffolds. The BC-PVP-CaP_50:50 hydrogel scaffold showed the highest degree of swelling at 39°C among the other BC-PVP-CaP scaffolds. However, the other hydrogel scaffolds were also showed notable viscoelasticity at 39°C. Experimental results confirmed that the CaP filled BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds (BC-PVP-CaP_20:80, BCPVP- CaP_40:60, BC-PVP-CaP_50:50) exhibit a promising viscoelastic behavior at human fever temperature condition (39°C), can be endorsed for its potential application in bone repairing /bone restoration. © 2020 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved

Biocompatibility and biological efficiency of inorganic calcium filled bacterial cellulose based hydrogel scaffolds for bone bioengineering

The principal focus of this work is the in-depth analysis of the biological efficiency of inorganic calcium-filled bacterial cellulose (BC) based hydrogel scaffolds for their future use in bone tissue engineering/bioengineering. Inorganic calcium was filled in the form of calcium phosphate (β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA)) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The additional calcium, CaCO3 was incorporated following in vitro bio-mineralization. Cell viability study was performed with the extracts of BC based hydrogel scaffolds: BC-PVP, BC-CMC; BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3; respectively. The biocompatibility study was performed with two different cell lines, i.e., human fibroblasts, Lep-3 and mouse bone explant cells. Each hydrogel scaffold has facilitated notable growth and proliferation in presence of these two cell types. Nevertheless, the percentage of DNA strand breaks was higher when cells were treated with BC-CMC based scaffolds i.e., BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3. On the other hand, the apoptosis of human fibroblasts, Lep-3 was insignificant in BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed the efficient adhesion and growth of Lep-3 cells throughout the surface of BC-PVP and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA. Hence, among all inorganic calcium filled hydrogel scaffolds, ‘BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA’ was recommended as an efficient tissue engineering scaffold which could facilitate the musculoskeletal (i.e., bone tissue) engineering/bioengineering. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Internal Grant Agency, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic [IGA/CPS/2017/003, IGA/CPS/2018/008]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic-NPU Program I [LO1504]; National Scientific Fund, Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science [DFNI (sic) 02 30]; Bulgarian Science Fund [DN 11/15]; NATO science Peace and Security program [NATO SPS MYP G5266]; COST Action [CA15214, MP1301

Calcium Phosphate Incorporated Bacterial Cellulose-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Based Hydrogel Scaffold: Structural Property and Cell Viability Study for Bone Regeneration Application

This work focuses on the analysis of structural and functional properties of calcium phosphate (CaP) incorporated bacterial cellulose (BC)-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based hydrogel scaffolds referred to as “CaP/BC-PVP”. CaP is incorporated in the scaffolds in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in different concentrations (β-TCP: HA (w/w) = 20:80, 40:60, and 50:50). The scaffolds were characterized on the basis of porosity, thermal, biodegradation, mechanical, and cell viability/cytocompatibility properties. The structural properties of all the hydrogel scaffolds show significant porosity. The biodegradation of “CaP/BC-PVP” scaffold was evaluated following hydrolytic degradation. Weight loss profile, pH change, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirm the significant degradability of the scaffolds. It is observed that a 50:50_CaP/BC-PVP scaffold has the highest degree of degradation. On the other hand, the compressive strengths of CaP/BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds are found between 0.21 to 0.31 MPa, which is comparable with the human trabecular bone. The cell viability study is performed with a human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell line, where significant cell viability is observed in all the hydrogel scaffolds. This indicated their ability to facilitate cell growth and cell proliferation. Considering all these substantial properties, CaP/BC-PVP hydrogel scaffolds can be suggested for detailed investigation in the context of bone regeneration application

Swelling and rheological study of calcium phosphate filled bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel scaffold

This work focuses mainly about swelling and rheological properties of calcium phosphate filled bacterial cellulose (BC)-based hydrogel scaffolds. Calcium phosphate is incorporated in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in different ratios, that is, 00:00, 10:90, 20:80, 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40. These scaffolds are also comprised with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(ethylene glycol), agar, and glycerin; designated as “BC-PVP” and “BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA.” All the hydrogel scaffolds are showing the notable viscoelastic property at 28 and 37 °C temperatures. The degree of swelling is found significant in BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA_50:50 scaffold and it is notably elastic at 37 °C after 5 min of swelling. However, after 60 min of swelling and at equilibrium swelling state, the elastic property of BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA_20:80 is revealed the highest. Considering the degree of swelling and rheological properties, the BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA_50:50 and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA_20:80 hydrogel scaffolds found suitable for their application in bone tissue engineering or bone tissue regeneration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48522. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Internal Grant Agency, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic [IGA/CPS/2018/008]; Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of The Czech Republic-NPU Program I [LO1504

Inorganic calcium filled bacterial cellulose based hydrogel scaffold: novel biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration

This work emphasizes the structural, physio-chemical characterization and cell biological efficiency analysis of novel inorganic calcium (only calcium phosphate and in combination of calcium phosphate & CaCO 3 ) filled bacterial cellulose (BC) based hydrogel scaffolds. FTIR and TG analysis indicates the presence of BC and inorganic calcium within the hydrogel scaffolds. SEM establishes the porous structures (50–200 µm). Swelling study indicates significant swelling ability in both calcium phosphate filled and calcium phosphate & CaCO 3 filled hydrogel scaffolds. Compressive strength (0.24–0.60 MPa) of the calcium filled hydrogel scaffolds are similar like trabecular bone. Significant cell viability (Lep-3) was further noticed until 72,120 and 168 h. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis.Internal Grant Agency [IGA/CPS/2017/003, IGA/CPS/2018/008]; Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of The Czech Republic NPU Program I [LO1504]; COST Action [MP1301

Rheological performance of bacterial cellulose based nonmineralized and mineralized hydrogel scaffolds

Bacterial cellulose (BC) based hydrogels (BC-PVP and BC-CMC) are modified with β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) to improve the structural and functional properties of the existing hydrogel scaffolds. The modified hydrogels are then biomineralized with CaCO3 following liquid diffusion technique, where salt solutions of Na2CO3 (5.25 g/100 mL) and CaCl2 (7.35 g/100 mL) were involved. The BC-PVP and BC-CMC are being compared with the non-mineralized (BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA and BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA) and biomineralized (BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3 and BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3) hydrogels on the basis of their structural and rheological properties. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis demonstrated the presence of BC, CMC, PVP, β-TCP, HA in the non-mineralized and BC, CMC, PVP, β-TCP, HA and CaCO3 in the biomineralized samples. Interestingly, the morphological property of non-mineralized and biomineralized, hydrogels are different than that of BC-PVP and BC-CMC based novel biomaterials. The Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images of the before mentioned samples reveal the denser structures than BC-PVP and BC-CMC, which exhibits the changes in their pore sizes. Concerning rheological analysis point of view, all the non-mineralized and biomineralized hydrogel scaffolds have shown significant elastic property. Additionally, the complex viscosity (η∗) values have also found in decreasing order with the increase of angular frequency (ω) 0.1 rad.sec-1 to 100 rad.sec-1. All these BC based hydrogel scaffolds are elastic in nature, can be recommended for their application as an implant for bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Author(s).Internal Grant Agency [IGA/CPS/2017/003]; Tomas Bata Univerity in Zlin, Czech Republic; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic - NPU Program I [LO1504

Polymeric hydrogel based systems for vaccine delivery: A review

The appropriate delivery of vaccines is a significant factor for the proper immunization. The proper delivery of the cargo vaccine/antigen along with stimulation of high antigen mediated immune response are the prime factors of an efficient vaccine deliver system. Different delivery systems have been explored for vaccine delivery and immunization. However, significant limitations like inefficient immunogenicity and undesired inflammatory immunogenic reactions are also notable. Thus, the development of an efficient vaccine delivery system is challenging task. Polymer based systems have also been utilized for vaccine delivery. Research also have indicated that a polymeric hydrogel can become an efficient delivery system of foreign antigens and vaccines. These systems can harbor and deliver the cargo vaccine/antigen in desired target organ and also facilitate the antigen mediated immunogenicity. Keeping in view the above perspectives, an attempt has been made to review the significance of polymeric hydrogel based systems for vaccine delivery. © 2021 Elsevier LtdTomas Bata University in Zlin; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports of the Czech Republic-DKRVO [RP/CPS/2020/005]; Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TACR)-M-ERA.NET [TH71020005]RP/CPS/2020/005; Technology Agency of the Czech Republic, TACR: TH71020005; Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlín