Mother-to-child HIV transmission and its correlates in India: systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: In India, preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the foremost challenge in community health. Countrywide MTCT of HIV is estimated to be > 10,000 annually. Aims of present study are to find out the prevalence of HIV and correlates of HIV transmission among children given birth by HIV infected mother through systematic review along with meta-analysis. METHODS: All avaiable articles are retrieved using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, EMBASE, Google Scholar and PUBMED following guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) are applied to critically reviewing the selected articles. STATA 13.0 is used to preparation of forest plot for Meta-analysis. For assessment of heterogeneity and publication biases I2 statistics along with Begg and Mazumdar's test and Egger's tests are used. Odds ratio (OR) along with forest plots have been showing with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: All together 10 studies including 1537 pairs of mothers and new births are assessed in present meta-analysis. Present analysis revealed the prevalence of HIV due to MTCT in India as 8.76% (95% CI; 5.76, 12.31). Analysis of subgroups exhibit a higher pooled prevalence in eastern region of India, 10.83% (95% CI: 5.9, 17.81) and lower in in Western region in India, 6.37% (95% CI: 4.65, 8.49). Status of MTCT before and after initiation of universal ART are 10.23% (95% CI 6.61, 14.55) and 7.93% (95% CI 4.18, 12.76) respectively. Associated factors with MTCT of HIV include absence of maternal prevention of MTCT intervention, OR = 10.82 (95% CI: 5.28, 22.17), lacking in administration of infant ARV (antiretroviral), OR = 8.21 (95% CI: 4.82, 14.0) and absence of medical facility during childbirth OR = 3.73 (95% CI: 1.67, 8.33). CONCLUSIONS: In India, pooled HIV prevalence of MTCT as high as 8.78% (95% CI; 5.76, 12.31) among babies born to infected mothers warrants urgent need of focused intervention for providing ART (PMTCT intervention), ensuring proper infant ARV prophylaxis, and avoiding delivery without proper medical facility to pregnant women with HIV for reduction of occurrence in HIV transmission from mothers to children

Alkaloid Based Chemical Constituents of Ocimum santum & Cinchona Bark: A Meta Analysis

This article provides a concise summary of the recent developments that have been achieved in our comprehension of the asymmetric addition processes that are catalysed by native Cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives. This class of reactions includes cycloadditions, 1,4-adds, direct nucleophilic additions across carbon–oxygen or carbon–nitrogen double bonds, and direct nucleophilic additions across carbon–oxygen double bonds. Because of their capacity to catalyse the addition of a wide variety of functional groups to C9, many Cinchona alkaloids have been utilised in these processes as catalysts. These functional groups include amino, alkoxy, hydroxyl, amido, urea, and thiourea, among others. The importance of mechanical variables is emphasised in many different contexts. Additionally, the utilisation of adducts in future synthesis is sometimes broken down into its component steps. Ocimum basilicum was discovered to be mostly consisted of estragol (> 35.71 percent), (E)-ocimene (> 1.47 percent), trans-bergamotene (> 0.83 percent), a-cadinol (> 0.41 percent), eucalyptol (> 0.25 percent), and -caryophyllene (> 0.07 percent), whereas Ocimum sanctum is primarily composed of eucaly There is a greater concentration of chemical components in the leaves of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum than there is in the actual inflorescence or flowers of the plant. The genetic distance between the two species was analysed in order to better understand the interspecies relationship, and the results showed that it was 2.86. The small difference in genetic makeup that exists between Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum is evidence that these two species are related to one another and share similar traits

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

Background: This study was conducted to determine the etiology of diarrhoea in a hospital setting in Kolkata. Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on two random days per week by enrolling every fifth diarrhoeal patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital in Kolkata. Results: Most of the patients (76.1%) had acute watery diarrhoea in association with vomiting (77.7%) and some dehydration (92%). Vibrio cholerae O1, Rotavirus and Giardia lamblia were the important causes of diarrhoea. Among Shigella spp, S. flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes were most predominantly isolated. Enteric viruses, EPEC and EAEC were common in children <5 year age group. Atypical EPEC was comparatively higher than the typical EPEC. Multidrug resistance was common among V. cholerae O1 and Shigella spp including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Polymicrobial infections were common in all age groups and 27.9% of the diarrhoea patients had no potential pathogen. Conclusions: Increase in V. cholerae O1 infection among <2 years age group, resistance of V. cholerae O1 to tetracycline, rise of untypable S. flexnerii, higher proportion of atypical EPEC and G. lamblia and polymicrobial etiology are some of the emerging trends observed in this diarrhoeal disease surveillance

Determination of halogen in copolymers by dye-partition technique and calculation of r<SUB>1</SUB> therefrom

Halogen-bearing polymers have been prepared by copolymerization of monomers (M1) such as styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and vinyl acetate with traces of chlorine-bearing monomers (M2) such as allyl chloride and tetrachloroethylene at varying M1:M2 ratios in the 100:1 composition range. The halogen atoms in the copolymers were transformed to quaternary pyridinium halide groups by quaternization with pyridine. The copolymer compositions and the monomer reactivity ratio r1 were determined by the estimation of the quaternary halide groups in the copolymers by the dye-partition technique, with aqueous disulfine blue VN150 in 0.01M hydrochloric acid as the dye reagent

Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review for potential vaccines

COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in need of effective and safe vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. A systematic review has been done to analyze the availability, development and status of new COVID-19 vaccine candidates as well as the status of vaccines for other diseases that might be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science and different trial registries were searched for currently available and probable future vaccines. Articles and ongoing clinical trials are included to ascertain the availability and developmental approaches of new vaccines that could limit the present and future outbreaks. Pharmaceutical companies and institutions are at different stages of developing new vaccines, and extensive studies and clinical trials are still required

Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review for potential vaccines

COVID-19 is an international public health emergency in need of effective and safe vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. A systematic review has been done to analyze the availability, development and status of new COVID-19 vaccine candidates as well as the status of vaccines for other diseases that might be effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science and different trial registries were searched for currently available and probable future vaccines. Articles and ongoing clinical trials are included to ascertain the availability and developmental approaches of new vaccines that could limit the present and future outbreaks. Pharmaceutical companies and institutions are at different stages of developing new vaccines, and extensive studies and clinical trials are still required

A STUDY ON ETHNO-MEDICINAL USE OF SOME COMMONLY AVAILABLE PLANTS FOR WOUND HEALING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES IN THREE SOUTHERN DISTRICTS OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA

The information of ethno-medicinal uses as haemostatic, antiseptic wound healer and anti-dermatitic properties containing plants in human and animals were collected from three districts of southern West Bengal, India, viz. Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur, and Murshidabad which are situated in different agro-climatic conditions. Presently twenty one such plants were recognized and most of them are new claim regarding the said treatments. The plants were properly identified with the help of relevant literatures, photographed and available relevant previous information about the medicinal properties or uses were also searched out from the earlier literatures and were enlisted for comparison

Cytotoxicity of Senecio in macrophages is mediated via its induction of oxidative stress

In Arunachal Pradesh and other sub-Himalayan areas of India, accidental consumption of Senecio plants by yaks is often fatal as the plant contains toxic alkaloids like Seneciophylline. The present investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the pro-oxidant effects of an ethanolic extract of Seneciochrysanthemoides (S-EtOH). S-EtOH impaired viability in macrophages, the IC50 being 13.8 ± 1.11 μg/mL. The effect of S-EtOH (1 μg/mL) on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages was measured by flow cytometry using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) where it caused a significant increase in the mean fluorescence channel (MFC) from 8.55 ± 0.03 to 47.32 ± 2.25 (p < 0.001). S-EtOH also effected a 3.8-fold increase in extracellular nitric oxide (NO) generation from 4.90 ± 0.72 μM to 18.79 ± 0.32 μM (p < 0.001), a 2.2-fold increase in intracellular NO production, the MFC increasing from 14.95 ± 0.48 to 33.34 ± 1.66 (p < 0.001), and concomitantly depleted non protein thiols as analyzed by flow cytometry using mercury orange, with a reduction in MFC from 632.5 ± 49.44 to 407.4 ± 12.61 (p < 0.01). Additionally, S-EtOH (14 μg/mL, 24 h) caused apoptosis as evident by increased Annexin V binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP DNA nick end labeling. Taken together, the cytotoxicity of S-EtOH can be partly attributed to its capacity to inflict oxidative damage via generation of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species culminating in apoptosis