3,071 research outputs found
Evolutionary Physiology: The extent of C4 and CAM photosynthesis in the Genera Anacampseros and Grahamia of the Portulacaceae
The Portulacaceae is one of the few terrestrial plant families known to have both C(4) and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species. There may be multiple origins of the evolution of CAM within the Portulacaceae but the only clear evidence of C(4) photosynthesis is found in members of the genus Portulaca. In the Portulaca, CAM succulent tissue is overlaid with the C(4) tissue in a unique fashion where both pathways are operating simultaneously. Earlier reports have shown that the clade containing the genera Anacampseros and Grahamia may also contain C(4) photosynthetic species similar to the Portulaca, which would indicate multiple origins of C(4) photosynthesis within the family. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the true photosynthetic nature of these genera. An initial survey of the carbon isotope composition of the Anacampseros ranged from -12.6 per thousand to -24.0 per thousand, indicating very little CAM activity in some species, with other values close to the C(4) range. Anacampseros (=Grahamia) australiana which had been previously identified as a C(4) species had a carbon isotope composition value of -24.0 per thousand, which is more indicative of a C(3) species with a slight contribution of CAM activity. Other Anacampseros species with C(4)-like values have been shown to be CAM plants. The initial isotope analysis of the Grahamia species gave values in the range of -27.1 per thousand to -23.6 per thousand, placing the Grahamia species well towards the C(3) photosynthetic range. Further physiological studies indicated increased night-time CO(2) uptake with imposition of water stress, associated with a large diurnal acid fluctuation and a marked increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. This showed that the Grahamia species are actually facultative CAM plants despite their C(3)-like carbon isotope values. The results indicate that the Grahamia and Anacampseros species do not utilize the C(4) photosynthetic pathway. This is the first to identify that the Grahamia species are facultative CAM plants where CAM can be induced by water stress. This work supports earlier physiological work that indicates that this clade containing Anacampseros and Grahamia species comprises predominantly facultative CAM plants. This report suggests there may be only one clade which contains C(4) photosynthetic members with CAM-like characteristics
Effect of Waste Discharges into a Silt-laden Estuary: A Case Study of Cook Inlet, Alaska
Cook Inlet is not well known. Although its thirty-foot tidal range is widely appreciated,
its other characteristics, such as turbulence, horizontal velocities of flow, suspended sediment
loads, natural biological productivity, the effects of fresh water inflows, temperature,
and wind stresses, are seldom acknowledged. The fact that the Inlet has not been used for
recreation nor for significant commercial activity explains why the average person is not
more aware of these characteristics. Because of the gray cast created by the suspended
sediments in the summer and the ice floes in the winter, the Inlet does not have the aura of
a beautiful bay or fjord. The shoreline is inhospitable for parks and development, the currents
too strong for recreational activities, and, because of the high silt concentration, there
is little fishing. Yet, Cook Inlet, for all its negative attributes, can in no way be considered
an unlimited dumping ground for the wastes of man. It may be better suited for this purpose
than many bays in North America, but it does have a finite capacity for receiving
wastes without unduly disturbing natural conditions.
This report was written for the interested layman by engineers and scientists who tried
to present some highly technical information in such a manner that it could be understood
by environmentalists, concerned citizens, students, decision makers, and lawmakers alike.
In attempting to address such a diverse audience, we risked failing to be completely understood
by any one group. However, all too often research results are written solely for other
researchers, a practice which leads to the advancement of knowledge but not necessarily to
its immediate use by practicing engineers nor to its inclusion in social, economic, and
political decision-making processes. We hope this report will shorten the usual time lag between
the acquisition of new information and its use. Several additional reports will be
available for a limited distribution. These will be directed to technicians who wish to know
the mathematical derivations, assumptions, and other scientific details used in the study.
Technical papers by the individual authors, published in national and international scientific
and engineering journals, are also anticipated.The work upon which this report is based was supported in part by funds (Proj. B-015-ALAS)
provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources
Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1964, as amended
Structure profonde de la transition arc insulaire-bassin marginal dans le Nord des Nouvelles-Hébrides (Vanuatu, Pacifique sud-ouest)
Trois profils de sismique réfraction ont été réalisés dans la zone arrière-arc des Nouvelles-Hébrides. Les modèles obtenus sur la terminaison occidentale du bassin Nord-Fidjien et dans l'axe des fossés arrière-arc présentent une loi de vitesse typique d'une croûte océanique récente mais recouverte par une couverture sédimentaire épaisse. Au contraire, le modèle obtenu à l'ouest des fossés met en evidence une croûte épaissie d'arc insulaire. La structure profonde et la signature magnétique de cette zone montrent que les fossés arrière- arc sont installés sur la croûte océanique du bassin Nord-Fidjien. Le passage entre l'arc et le domaine océanique se fait brutalement sur une distance inférieure à 50 km
Loading of a surface-electrode ion trap from a remote, precooled source
We demonstrate loading of ions into a surface-electrode trap (SET) from a
remote, laser-cooled source of neutral atoms. We first cool and load
neutral Sr atoms into a magneto-optical trap from an oven that
has no line of sight with the SET. The cold atoms are then pushed with a
resonant laser into the trap region where they are subsequently photoionized
and trapped in an SET operated at a cryogenic temperature of 4.6 K. We present
studies of the loading process and show that our technique achieves ion loading
into a shallow (15 meV depth) trap at rates as high as 125 ions/s while
drastically reducing the amount of metal deposition on the trap surface as
compared with direct loading from a hot vapor. Furthermore, we note that due to
multiple stages of isotopic filtering in our loading process, this technique
has the potential for enhanced isotopic selectivity over other loading methods.
Rapid loading from a clean, isotopically pure, and precooled source may enable
scalable quantum information processing with trapped ions in large, low-depth
surface trap arrays that are not amenable to loading from a hot atomic beam
The Nature of Nearby Counterparts to Intermediate Redshift Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies II. CO Observations
We present the results of a single-dish beam-matched survey of the three
lowest rotational transitions of CO in a sample of 20 local (D < 70 Mpc)
Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies (LCBGs). These ~L*, blue, high surface
brightness, starbursting galaxies were selected with the same criteria used to
define LCBGs at higher redshifts. Our detection rate was 70%, with those
galaxies having Lblue<7e9 Lsun no detected. We find the H2 masses of local
LCBGs range from 6.6e6 to 2.7e9 Msun, assuming a Galactic CO-to-H2 conversion
factor. Combining these results with our earlier HI survey of the same sample,
we find that the ratio of molecular to atomic gas mass is low, typically 5-10%.
Using a Large Velocity Gradient model, we find that the average gas conditions
of the entire ISM in local LCBGs are similar to those found in the centers of
star forming regions in our Galaxy, and nuclear regions of other galaxies. Star
formation rates, determined from IRAS fluxes, are a few solar masses per year,
much higher per unit dynamical mass than normal spirals. If this rate remains
constant, the molecular hydrogen depletion time scales are short, 10-200 Myr.Comment: accepted for publication in the ApJ (vol 625
Dust-to-Gas Ratio and Metallicity in Dwarf Galaxies
We examine the dust-to-gas ratio as a function of metallicity for dwarf
galaxies [dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrrs) and blue compact dwarf galaxies
(BCDGs)]. Using a one-zone model and adopting the instantaneous recycling
approximation, we prepare a set of basic equations which describes processes of
dust formation and destruction in a galaxy. Four terms are included for the
processes: dust formation from heavy elements ejected by stellar mass loss,
dust destruction in supernova remnants, dust destruction in star-forming
regions, and accretion of heavy elements onto preexisting dust grains. Solving
the equations, we compare the result with observational data of nearby dIrrs
and BCDGs. The solution is consistent with the data within the reasonable
ranges of model parameters constrained by the previous examinations. This means
that the model is successful in understanding the dust amount of nearby
galaxies. We also show that the accretion rate of heavy element onto
preexisting dust grains is less effective than the condensation of heavy
elements in dwarf galaxies.Comment: 14 pages LaTeX, 4 figures, to appear in Ap
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Strain-Stabilized Solid Phase Epitaxy of Si–Ge on Si.
We compare solid phase epitaxial growth of amorphous Si–Ge alloys created by Ge ion implantation into Si with and without the imposition of 0.5 GPa of externally applied biaxial tensile stress. External loading stabilizes the growth front against roughening, resulting in a doubling of the maximum reported Ge concentration for stable growth to 14 at. %. The externally applied stress appears to superpose with the intrinsic compositional stress and indicates a threshold of approximately 0.6 GPa for interface breakdown. This principle is expected to be applicable to expanding the composition range for stable growth of other semiconductor alloy combinations by other growth techniques.Engineering and Applied Science
Pre-cruise and site surveys : a synthesis of marine geological and geophysical data on the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana transform margin
ODP Leg 159 is the first drilling cruise dedicated to assess the sedimentary, tectonic, and thermal processes as well as the subsidence history operating during and after continental transform margin formation, the challenge being to improve and develop geological models applied to this specific type of ocean-continent boundary. The location of the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin, within an equatorial region and located between two different oceanic basins (Central and South Atlantic) of different ages, also provided paleoceanographic potential for Leg 159. The marine geological and geophysical surveys briefly presented above, and with which Leg 159 was planned, have already provided noteworthy data making this segment of transform margin a well-investigated example of this type. It is anticipated that continuous coring and logging at all selected Leg 159 sites will answer many of the questions still in discussion and open new trends of investigation. (Résumé d'auteur
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