Endophytes and Rhizosphere Fungi from Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell.) which has the Potential to Produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

Some types of fungi are known to have the ability to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). Fungi can be isolated from the rhizosphere and tissues of various plants, including from the rhizosphere and the root "Galam" (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell.), which grow predominantly in peatlands. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (a) to isolate and measure the potential of fungi from endophytic and rhizospheric of “Galam”(M. cajuputi) as a producer of IAA hormone, (b) determine the types of fungal interaction that occur and their potential to increase the total IAA hormone produced. This research begins with isolation, purification, isolate screening, analysis of IAA hormone production, data analysis, seed germination test and isolates identification. The result showed that the concentration of IAA produced by Penicillium sp. IRZ15 was 5.86 ± 0.47 μg.mL-1 to 8.46 ± 0.26 μg.mL-1 and Syncephalastrum sp. AG15 is 4.77 ± 0.44 μg.mL-1 to 8.77 ± 0.25 μg.mL-1. Meanwhile, the combination of rhizospheric fungi Penicillium sp. IRZ15 and endophytic fungi Syncephalastrum sp. AG15 does not produce significantly different IAA concentrations (6.42 ± 0.34 μg.mL-1 to 9.19 ± 0.50 μg.mL-1 ) compared to fungi used alone without combinations

Phosphate Solubilizing and Antifungal Activity of Root Endophyte Isolated from Shorea leprosula Miq. And Shoreal selanica (DC) Blume

Fungal endophytes are fungi that lives within plant tissues without causing apparent disease. It is also suggested that these fungi have ability to enhance plant growth and plant resistancy against pest and disease. This research is a preliminary study about root fungal endophytes in dipterocarp since there are lack research concerning about this study focus. We examined root fungal endophyte  isolated from seedling of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanica taken from Dramaga Experimental Forest, Bogor.  Furthermore, we also tried to find out the fungal potential ability to solubilize phosphate and suppres fungal pathogen by in vitro assay. Surface sterilization method was used to isolated fungal endophytes from root tissues. Trichoderma spirale, Velsalceae sp., Melanconiela ellisii, Chaetosphaeria callimorpha, and Trichoderma asperellum were isolated during this study. These fungi appear to have specific association between fungal species and host plant, but no evidence of fungal order-level specificiation in S. leprosula and S. selanica. In vitro test also suggested that root fungal endophyte Trichoderma spirale and Melanconiella elisii have potential ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. In addition, this result also present that root fungal endophyte T. spirale and T. asperellum have the potential to inhibit pathogen fungi Fusarium sp.

Uji Antagonisme Kapang Endofit Tanaman Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) terhadap Colletotrichum truncatum

Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) adalah spesies asli dari lahan gambut yang secara alami hidup berasosiasi dengan kapang endofit. Kapang endofit dikenal karena kemampuannya sebagai biofungisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kapang endofit yang diisolasi dari pohon Galam untuk menghambat pertumbuhan kapang pathogen Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore dan menganalisis mekanisme penghambatannya. Tahapan penelitian ini meliputi (a) isolasi kapang endofit; (b) seleksi kapang endofit; (c) uji patogenisitas dan antagonis kapang endofit; (d) uji kemampuan metabolit volatil dan non-volatil dan (e) uji mikoparasitisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase penghambatan tertinggi pada uji antagonisme secara in-vitro dalam menghambat C. truncatum ditunjukkan oleh isolat Neurospora sp. DG 27 dengan rata-rata persentase hambatan sebesar 71,98%, diikuti oleh isolat Neurospora sp. DG 17, 53,74% dan isolat Syncephalastrum sp. AG 15, 48,28%. Uji kemampuan metabolit volatil dan non-volatil isolat Neurospora sp. DG 27 menunjukkan persentase penghambatan tertinggi terhadap kapang C. truncatum. Mekanisme penghambatan isolat Neurospora sp. DG 27 terjadi secara antibiosis sehingga terbentuk zona bening, sedangkan isolat DG 17 terjadi secara kompetisi dan isolat Syncephalastrum sp. AG 15 secara mikoparasit

The Use of Fungal Endophyte

Penicillium citrinum is an endophyte fungus isolated from plant tissues that live in tropical peatland. Various study reveals that endophytic fungi give advantages to plant health. Since 2015, series of experiments were conducted to investigate the capability of P. citrinum P3.10 as biofertilizer of plant tree in nursery stage which are: pathogenicity test, in vitro assay, direct application to seeds, dosage test, and fertilizer formulation. This paper presents a review from our research of P. citrinum isolate P3.10 from the isolation stage to the biofertilizer product formulation. Resear ch results showed that the application of endophytic fungi to seedlings gave positive responses. However, during the research process there were also obstacles in the application of endophytic fungi to plants, which are: (a) difficulties in application due to the varied response, (b) formulation, (c) storage, (d) isolate viability, and (d) fungal isolate maintenance. Risk management was needed during biofertilizer production. Hence, the utilization of biofertilizer made from endophyte fungi is applicable and can be used not only on an experimental scale but also on a larger scale

Isolation of peat swamp forest foliar endophyte fungi as biofertilizer

Peatland restoration activity is facing many obstacles, particularly in planting techniques and poor nutrient in peat soil. Naturally, endophytic fungi are abundant and have great potential as biofertilizer. This research investigates the potential endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of peat swamp tree species for biofertilizer. Research activities include: exploration, in vitro test to examine the phosphate solubilization and identification. Result showed that there were 360 leave segments collected from 4 sampling locations. The colonization percentage of 222 isolates ranged from 52.17% - 60.17%. Fifty seven morphospecies were selected from 222 isolates. Twelve isolates demonstrated ability to produce clear zones and ten isolates were selected for identification. It is concluded that twelve isolated demonstrated potential ability to produce clear zone and Penicillum citrinum isolate P3.10 was identified as an isolate that show the highest potential ability as a biofertilize

The Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Infective Propagules Under Galam Stand at Shallow Peat of South Kalimantan

Colonization of arbuscular mycorrhiza on plants has been reported to give benefit to p lants, especially at extreme sites such as degraded peatland. Galam (Mela leuca ca juputi) is an indigenous peatland species which grows on acidic condition. The number of arbuscular mycorrhiza infective propagules is important to be determined concerning the galam regeneration due to its offered benefits that support colonization. This research aims to determine the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza infective propagules under galam stand and to describe symbiotic forms of AMF colonization on the roots of galam. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method, wet sieving, and root staining from the modification of Vierherlig et al., 1996, and the calculation of root’s mycorrhizal colonization by grid line technique were the methods that were used in this research. The research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with a 5-fold factorial pattern. The results of this study indicated a significant difference between the abundance of AMF under galam stands at the depth of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm respectively . The results of spores identification showed 4 genera of spores, namely: Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora. The structure of root colonizations were hyphae, spores, vesicles, and arbuscular