Nephrocutaneous Fistula Due to Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

While the development of a fistulous tract from the kidney to the proximal adjacent organs is relatively common, a tract leading to the skin is a rare occurrence. The primary cause of a fistula is prior surgical intervention or malignancy leading to abscess formation. Our case involves Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) causing a longstanding lobulated abscess, ultimately leading to the formation of a fistulous tract

Phenotypic Characterization of Alveolar Macrophages in a Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a late cause of morbidity and mortality following hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Previous work in our laboratory showed that alveolar macrophages were primed for increased responsiveness to lipopolysaccharides, as evidenced by augmented inflammatory cytokine production. Recent studies have shown that macrophages can be polarized into two phenotypes, namely pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, in response to various environmental cues. The major hypothesis to be tested in this thesis is that HS/R shifts the M1/M2 polarization of alveolar macrophages to favour a pro-inflammatory milieu in the lung. A biphasic shift in the phenotype of alveolar macrophages in response to HS/R characterized by an early reduction of M2 cells followed by a late up-regulation of M1 macrophages was observed. The administration of M2- polarizing PPARγ agonists prior to HS/R restored the M1/M2 balance of alveolar macrophages and reduced lung injury.MAS