Agricultural Producer Support Policy in Iran and Selected Countries

Agricultural policies in Iran have aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in food productions through the government various policies. The aim of this paper is to examine the current level of protection which may exist in agricultural sector in Iran and other countries. The results indicate that the PSE in Iran is much higher than the OECD and is close to Japanese and Korean PSE percentage (i.e. 58 and 64 percent). The broadest indicator of support representing the sum of transfers to agricultural producers (PSE), expenditure for general services (GSSE), and direct budgetary transfers to consumers, reached 83 billion Dollars per year in 2001-2005 which is almost equivalent to 13.4 percent of Iran’s GDP in this period. This is much higher than the OECD average and suggests a relatively high burden of agricultural support on Iran’s economy.Iran, Producers, Support Policy, PSE, GSSE, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q18,

Homology over trivial extensions of commutative DG algebras

Conditions on the Koszul complex of a noetherian local ring $R$ guarantee that $\mathrm{Tor}^{R}_{i}(M,N)$ is non-zero for infinitely many $i$, when $M$ and $N$ are finitely generated $R$-modules of infinite projective dimension. These conditions are obtained from results concerning Tor of differential graded modules over certain trivial extensions of commutative differential graded algebras.Comment: 14 page

Association of inferior vena cava filter placement for venous thromboembolic disease and a contraindication to anticoagulation with 30-day mortality

Importance: Despite the absence of data from randomized clinical trials, professional societies recommend inferior vena cava (IVC) filters for patients with venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) and a contraindication to anticoagulation therapy. Prior observational studies of IVC filters have suggested a mortality benefit associated with IVC filter insertion but have often failed to adjust for immortal time bias, which is the time before IVC filter insertion, during which death can only occur in the control group. Objective: To determine the association of IVC filter placement with 30-day mortality after adjustment for immortal time bias. Design, Setting, and Participants: This comparative effectiveness, retrospective cohort study used a population-based sample of hospitalized patients with VTE and a contraindication to anticoagulation using the State Inpatient Database and the State Emergency Department Database, part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, from hospitals in California (January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2011), Florida (January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2013), and New York (January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2012). Data analysis was conducted from September 15, 2015, to March 14, 2018. Exposure: Inferior vena cava filter placement. Main Outcomes and Measures: Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were constructed with IVC filters as a time-dependent variable that adjusts for immortal time bias. The Cox model was further adjusted using the propensity score as an adjustment variable. Results: Of 126 030 patients with VTE, 61 281 (48.6%) were male and the mean (SD) age was 66.9 (16.6) years. In this cohort, 45 771 (36.3%) were treated with an IVC filter, whereas 80 259 (63.7%) did not receive a filter. In the Cox model with IVC filter status analyzed as a time-dependent variable to account for immortal time bias, IVC filter placement was associated with a significantly increased hazard ratio of 30-day mortality (1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.22; P \u3c .001). When the propensity score was included in the Cox model, IVC filter placement remained associated with an increased hazard ratio of 30-day mortality (1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.22; P \u3c .001). Conclusions and Relevance: After adjustment for immortal time bias, IVC filter placement was associated with increased 30-day mortality in patients with VTE and a contraindication to anticoagulation. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy of IVC filter placement in patients with VTE and a contraindication to anticoagulation

Early cryoprecipitate transfusion versus standard care in severe postpartum haemorrhage: a pilot cluster-randomised trial

The trial was prospectively registered on ISRCTN (12146519). The trial was approved by the NHS LondonBrighton and Sussex Research Ethics Committee and the NHS Confidentiality Advisory Group. The study was funded by Barts Charity. We would like to acknowledge the support of the Joint Research Management Office, Queen Mary University of London as sponsor for the study; the contributions of members of Katie's Team, the East London women's health research patient and public advisory group; and the clinical, laboratory and maternity research teams at Barts Health NHS Trust hospitals and Homerton University Hospital. We are also grateful for all the support and advice provided by the project steering committee chaired by an independent consultant anaesthetist (M. Wilson, University of Sheffield), with four other independent members: A. Khalil, St George's University Hospital; B. Leurent, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; N. Moss, lay representative; and S. Robinson, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust. No other external funding or competing interests declared.There is a lack of evidence evaluating cryoprecipitate transfusion in severe postpartum haemorrhage. We performed a pilot cluster-randomised controlled trial to evaluate the feasibility of a trial on early cryoprecipitate delivery in severe postpartum haemorrhage. Pregnant women (>24 weeks gestation), actively bleeding within 24 h of delivery and who required at least one unit of red blood cells were eligible. Women declining transfusion in advance or with inherited clotting deficiencies were not eligible. Four UK hospitals were randomly allocated to deliver either the intervention (administration of two pools of cryoprecipitate within 90 min of first red blood cell unit requested plus standard care), or the control group treatment (standard care, where cryoprecipitate is administered later or not at all). The primary outcome was the proportion of women who received early cryoprecipitate (intervention) vs. standard care (control). Secondary outcomes included consent rates, acceptability of the intervention, safety outcomes and preliminary clinical outcome data to inform a definitive trial. Between March 2019 and January 2020, 199 participants were recruited; 19 refused consent, leaving 180 for analysis (110 in the intervention and 70 in the control group). Adherence to assigned treatment was 32% (95%CI 23–41%) in the intervention group vs. 81% (95%CI 70–90%) in the control group. The proportion of women receiving cryoprecipitate at any time-point was higher in the intervention (60%) vs. control (31%) groups; the former had fewer red blood cell transfusions at 24 h (mean difference 0.6 units, 95%CI 1.2 to 0); overall surgical procedures (odds ratio 0.6, 95%CI 0.3–1.1); and intensive care admissions (odds ratio 0.4, 95%CI 0.1–1.1). There was no increase in serious adverse or thrombotic events in the intervention group. Staff interviews showed that lack of awareness and uncertainty about study responsibilities contributed to lower adherence in the intervention group. We conclude that a full-scale trial may be feasible, provided that protocol revisions are put in place to establish clear lines of communication for ordering early cryoprecipitate in order to improve adherence. Preliminary clinical outcomes associated with cryoprecipitate administration are encouraging and merit further investigation.Barts CharityJoint Research Management Office, Queen Mary University of Londo

On the correspondence of external rays under renormalization

Let $P$ be a monic polynomial of degree $D \geq 3$ whose filled Julia set $K_P$ has a non-degenerate periodic component $K$ of period $k \geq 1$ and renormalization degree $2 \leq d<D$. Let $I=I_K$ denote the set of angles $\theta$ on the circle ${\mathbb T}={\mathbb R}/{\mathbb Z}$ for which the (smooth or broken) external ray $R^P_\theta$ for $P$ accumulates on $\partial K$. We prove the following: $\bullet$ $I$ is a compact set of Hausdorff dimension $<1$ and there is an essentially unique degree $1$ monotone map $\Pi: I \to {\mathbb T}$ which semiconjugates $\theta \mapsto D^k \theta$ (mod 1) on $I$ to $\theta \mapsto d \theta$ (mod 1) on $\mathbb T$. $\bullet$ Any hybrid conjugacy $\varphi$ between a renormalization of $P^{\circ k}$ on a neighborhood of $K$ and a monic degree $d$ polynomial $Q$ induces a semiconjugacy $\Pi: I \to {\mathbb T}$ with the property that for every $\theta \in I$ the external ray $R^P_\theta$ has the same accumulation set as the curve $\varphi^{-1}(R^Q_{\Pi(\theta)})$. In particular, $R^P_\theta$ lands at $z \in \partial K$ if and only if $R^Q_{\Pi(\theta)}$ lands at $\varphi(z) \in \partial K_Q$. $\bullet$ The ray correspondence established by the above result is finite-to-one. In fact, the cardinality of each fiber of $\Pi$ is $\leq D-d+2$, and the inequality is strict when the component $K$ has period $k=1$. Using a new type of quasiconformal surgery we construct a class of examples with $k=1$ for which the upper bound $D-d+1$ is realized and the set $I$ has isolated points.Comment: 43 pages, 9 figure

Histochemistry of Colloidal Iron Stained Crystal Associated Material in Urinary Stones and Experimentally Induced Intrarenal Deposits in Rats

Organic material associated with the calcium oxalate crystals in urinary stones and experimentally induced nephrolithiasis was stained with colloidal iron and analysed by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis using standard techniques. Iron was positively identified in the stained specimens indicating that some of the organic material is an acidic mucosubstance. The results also indicate that some of the organic material of urinary stones may originate in the kidneys