Medical Education in Ancient Persia

Introduction: Historically, education is the prominent part of medical systems of different cultures. It has been surveyed in some cultures. In this study, we tried to uncover educational practices applied and present a sketch of medical education in ancient Persia (from beginning to 637 AD) based on the available evidence. Methods: In this study, old Persian scripts and other written documents like Avesta, Dinkerd, histories of Herodotus and Cyropedia and also recent literature were studied tocome up with a sketch of medical education in ancient Persia. Results: The pattern of medical education in ancient Persia was presented based on (a) handwriting- a principle for education, (b) public education in ancient Persia, (c) schools of medicine in Persia, (d) organizations and medical centers and (e) medical fields. Conclusion: The importance of knowledge and education among ancient Persians can be observed even in their early childhood education.This attention to education ,and especially to medical education, has been an important key feature of Persian culture and its dynamic civilization

Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsions and Their Potential Topical and Transdermal Applications: Pharmaceutical nanoemulsions potential applications

Topical and transdermal drug delivery systems are noninvasive and can be self-administered with the minimization of side-effects, have received increased attention during the past few years. Nanoemulsions, emulsions sized between 20-200 nm with narrow distributions, offer several advantages for topical and transdermal delivery of pharmaceutical agents including controlled droplet size, the ability to efficiently dissolve lipophilic drugs, enhanced skin permeation and extended release of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Moreover, they exert good sensorial and physical properties such as complete dispersion on skin and skin hydration in cosmetic products. The review deals with nanoemulsion applications in topical and transdermaldrug and gene delivery